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Biology 7.1 > Using gene sequencing > Flashcards

Using gene sequencing Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a genome

A

The total of all the genetic material in an organism

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2
Q

Where is the DNA in prokaryotes

A

In the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are exons

A

The coding region

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4
Q

what are introns

A

The large non-coding regions of DNA that are removed before the messenger RNA is translated

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5
Q

What do we analyse in gene sequencing

A

Individual strands of DNA or individual gene, giving us a pattern of bases that codes for a particular protein in cells

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6
Q

What do we analyse in DNA profiling

A

The pattern in the non-coding areas of DNA and use them to identify individuals

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7
Q

What doe it mean when DNA is amplified

A

It is replicated repeatedly using a polymerase chain reaction to produce a much bugger sample

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8
Q

How did a scientist solve the problem of needed 90-95 degrees to amplify DNA

A

He used an enzyme from a bacterium that lives in hot springs to develop a technique for replicating artificially in a laboratory

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9
Q

How does PCR work

A

1) DNA sample that’s amplified is mixed with the enzyme Taq, DNA polymerase, primers and a good supply of 4 nucleotide bases,suitable buffer reaction and placed in a PCR machine
2) Heated to 90-95 degrees which causes DNA strand to separate as hydrogen bonds between them break
3) The mixture is cooled to 50-55 degrees so primers bind to single DNA strand
4) Finally, the mixture is heated to 72 degrees (optimum temp for Taq to build complementary strands of DNA)

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10
Q

What are the basic principles seen in all DNA sequencing

A

1) DNA strands chopped into smaller pieces
2) Double strands are separated into single strands
3) PCR is involved in replicating DNA fragments to produce large quantities of material for analysis
4) Labeled terminator bases are added to the single strands of DNA
5) The colored tags enable the sequence of bases to be read very rapidly by an automated system

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11
Q

What is a terminator base

A

A modified version of one of the four nucleotides bases; adenine (A), thymine(T), cytosine(c) and guanine(G)

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12
Q

What happens when a terminator DNA is incorporated into the DNA molecule

A

The chain is halted as no more bases can be added

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13
Q

What can DNA sequencing be used for

A

To determine the protein produced from any particular gene

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14
Q

How do we recognise the start and stop codon

A

By looking at the genetic code

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15
Q

What does DNA sequence make possible for us to see

A

To identify a faulty gene, see which bases have changed and understood how the changes in the DNA affect the Proteins produce

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16
Q

What are many diseases a result of

A

The inheritance of a number of alleles or gene variants that increase the risk of an individual developing a specific disease such as diabetes, obesity, or coronary heart disease

17
Q

What has DNA sequence told us about heart disease

A

That certain genetic combinations greatly increased the risk of heart disease

18
Q

What happens to the bases that cause heart attacks

What does this do to the heart

A

Around 25 bases are deleted from the gene, which causes major changes in the MYPBC3 protein

Damages heart muscles and make individuals 7 times more likely to suffer serious heart disease than someone without the mutation

19
Q

How many genes does the human genome have

A

between 20000 and 25000 genes

20
Q

How much DNA do introns make up

A

Over 90%

21
Q

What can introns code for

what does it do

A

Some of them can code for small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Works with mRNA to stop some proteins from forming

22
Q

What are there within the introns

A

There are short-sequences of DNA that are repeated may time to from micro-satellites and mini-satellites

23
Q

How cany baes would be repeated in:
Micro-satellites
Mini-satellites

A

2-6 bases repeated between 5 and 100 are times

10-100 base sequence will be repeated 50 to several hundred times

24
Q

What is the restriction endonucleases

A

The stand from a sample are cut into fragments using special enzymes known as restriction endonucleases

25
Q

What is recognition sites

A

Specific base sequences where restriction endonucleases cleave the DNA molecules

26
Q

What is the process gel electrophoresis

A

The process in which fragments need to be separated and identified (variation of chromatography)

27
Q

How does Gel electrophoresis

A

1) The DNA fragments are placed in wells in an agarose gel medium in a buffering solution with new DNA fragments to aid identification
2) An electric current is passed through the apparatus and the DNA fragments move towards the positive anode because of the negative charge on the phosphate groups in the DNA backbone
3) The plate is placed under short-wave UV light andDNA Florence shows up and can be identified

28
Q

What the Gel in gel electrophoresis contain

A

a dye that binds to the DNA fragments in the gel

The dye will fluorescence when placed under short-wave ultraviolet light

29
Q

What happens one electrophoresis is complete

A

The plate is placed under short-wave UV light.

30
Q

What do DNA profiling look like

A

Supermarket barcode

31
Q

What is added to gel after electrophoresis

What is placed over it

A

Sn alkaline buffer solution and nylon filter or nitrocellulose paper is placed over it

32
Q

What is the draw absorbent material used for

A

To draw the solution containing the DNA fragments from the gel to the filter, leaving the DNA fragments as blots attached to the filter

33
Q

Where are the gene probes added

A

To the filter after the southern blotting process and bind to the complementary strand is a process known as hybridisation

34
Q

What are gene probes

A

Short DNA sequences that are complementary to specific sequences that are being sought

35
Q

How is a DNA profile produced

A

As a graph

36
Q

When are individuals needed to be identified

A

In forensic science and in paternity testing

37
Q

What is short tandem repeats

A

Micro-satellite regions that are now widely used in DNA identification

Biology 7.1 (1 decks)

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