USH 1 Midterm Flashcards
Federalist John Adams won by three votes, and as the second-highest vote-getter in the electoral college, Thomas Jefferson became vice president
Presedential Election of 1796
The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System
1800 Election
Presidential election in which Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams
Presedential Election of 1800
Congress could request funds from the states but could not enact any tax without every state’s approval and could not regulate interstate or overseas commerce was the main problem of
Articles of Confederation
A war of Indian extermination waged by farmers in Virginia, led by Nathaniel Bacon, in 1676. The rebels burned the capital and forced Governor Berkeley to flee, but the rebellion fizzled when Bacon died later that year
Bacon’s Rebellion
A conflict that took place on March 5, 1770, when an angry crowd of poor and working-class Bostonians protested a British soldier’s abusive treatment a few hours earlier of a Boston apprentice who was trying to collect a debt from the officer. Shots rang out, and as a result, four Bostonians lay dead and seven more were wounded, one mortally
Boston Massacre
The early American colonists who had immigrated from Europe followed the standards of education that used in the ‘mother countries’ and were based on wealth and class
Colonial Education
They believed the Articles of Confederation were endangering the nation
The Favor of The Constitution Ratification
They feared the National Government would have too much power, and the state legislatures were better for citizen’s freedom
The Opposition of The Constitution Ratification
Paper currency issued by the Continental Congress in 1775 to help fund the American Revolutionary War
Continentals
The cult of domesticity, also known as the cult of true womanhood (by people who like it), is a view about women in the 1800s. They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home
Cult of Domesticity
Proposed by the Second Continental Congress, this document proclaimed independence of the Thirteen Colonies from British rule
Declaration of Independence
A person who believes that God created the universe and then abandoned it
Deists
Landowners turned to African slaves as a more profitable and ever-renewable source of labor and the shift from indentured servants to racial slavery had begun
Effects of Indentured Servitude
Device created by Eli Whitney to make it easier to separate cotton seeds from the cotton itself; credited with reviving slavery at a time when it was in decline
Cotton Gin
This law prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports. Technically, it prohibited only exports, but its practical effect was to stop imports as well, for few foreign ships would venture into American ports if they had to leave without cargo
Embargo Act of 1807
A European ideological movement beginning in the seventeenth and eighteenth century that stressed reason and scientific inquiry, as well as individualism
Enlightenment
Group of representatives appointed by the legislatures of a dozen North American colonies of Great Britain
First Continental Congress
An evangelical Protestant religious revival movement that swept through Europe and the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s
First Great Awakening
A Puritan church document; that in 1662 allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the “elect” members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations
Halfway Covenant
This “System” consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other “internal improvements” to develop profitable markets for agriculture
Henry Clay’s American System
The first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America
The House of Burgesses
The practice of forcing civilians into military service. It was used widely by the British, and antagonized Americans, in the years leading up to the War of 1812
Impressment
The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia
Jamestown Virginia
Governor of Massachusetts Bay colony who wrote “A Model of Christian Charity.”
John Winthrop
Winthrop believed state was responsible for enforcing religious laws. Winthrop helped to establish a commonwealth where voting was limited to male church members and he generally favored rule by an aristocratic elite, subject to some democratic control
John Winthrop’s Favor
Written by Madison, the first declared that state legislatures had never surrendered their right to judge the constitutionality of federal actions and that they retained an authority called interposition, which enabled them to protect the liberties of their citizens. Written by Jefferson, the second declared that ultimate sovereignty rested with the states, which empowered them to “nullify” federal laws to which they objected
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Established uniform procedures for surveying land north of the Ohio River. The law established a township of six miles square as the basic unit of settlement. Every township would be subdivided into 36 sections of 640 acres each, one of which would be reserved as a source of income for schools. It imposed an arbitrary grid of straight lines and right angles across the landscape that conformed to European–American notions of private property while utterly ignoring the land’s natural features
Ordinance of 1785
Defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states. It designated the area north of the Ohio River as the Northwest Territory and provided for its later division into states. It forbade slavery while the region remained a territory, although citizens could legalize the institution after statehood
Ordinance of 1787
Largest city state in Mesoamerica
Teotihuacán
Expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory. Jefferson instructed Lewis to trace the Missouri River to its source, cross the western highlands, and follow the best water route to the Pacific. He ordered Lewis to learn about Indian languages and customs, climate, plants, birds, reptiles, and insects
Lewis & Clark Expedition
The battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British
Lexington and Concord
The United States bought the Louisiana Territory (the area from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains) from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase virtually doubled the area of the United States at a cost, omitting interest, of thirteen and one-half cents an acre
Louisiana Purchase
This court case ruled that, although Madison should have delivered Marbury’s commission, he was under no legal obligation to do so because part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that had granted the Court the authority to issue such a writ was unconstitutional
Marbury v Madison
They developed a written language of hieroglyphs and invented the mathematical concept of zero
Mayans Major Advancement
A document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government
Mayflower Compact
The theory that holds that each nation’s power was measured by its wealth, especially in gold. To secure wealth, a country needed to maximize its sale of goods abroad in exchange for gold while minimizing foreign purchases paid for gold
Mercantilism
A sermon that focused on how the Puritan settlers should treat one another to help each other - and the colony - survive
Model of Christian Charity
The doctrine that proclaimed three key principles: that unless American interests were involved, U.S. policy was to abstain from European wars; that the “American continents” were not “subjects for future colonization by any European power”; and that the United States would construe any attempt at European colonization in the New World as an “unfriendly act.”
Monroe Doctrine
Where was Pre-Columbian America Centralized
Mesoamerica and the Andean region
Harvard was founded to train its students to know God and Jesus Christ and to seek God’s wisdom. Yale was founded to provide an orthodox alternative after Harvard’s evangelical for her head cooled
Founding of Harvard and Yale
A reform movement within the church of England during the 16th and 17th centuries
Puritanism
Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800
Quasi War
Believing that they would benefit militarily by allying themselves with a powerful nation
Reason for American Revolution Foreign Alliance
The American Indians were fighting to maintain control of their land and their cultural future
Reason for The French and Indian War
A system of government in which power derives from the people, and in which virtuous citizens are counted on to sacrifice self-interest for the greater good
Republicanism
A religious revival movement that began in Connecticut in the 1790s. It featured gigantic revival meetings in many parts of the country in which members of several denominations gathered together in sprawling open-air camps for up to a week to hear revivalists proclaim that the Second Coming of Jesus was near and that the time for repentance was now
Second Great Awakening
Made it a crime for American citizens to “print, utter, or publish… any false, scandalous, and malicious writing” about the government
Sedition Act
An ideology about gender roles that emerged in the nineteenth century, which defined men’s roles as in the public worlds of work and politics, and women’s roles within the private realms of home and family
Seperate Spheres
An event in which a group of small farmers protested taxes and the use of species. The group, led by Daniel Shays, managed to shut down the courts in five counties in Massachusetts but were turned back by troops at the federal arsenal of Springfield in 1786–1787
Shay’s Rebellion
It stated that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the constitution and that the states could nullify any federal laws that were unconstitutional
Significance of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Gaining profit by forcing people to provide labor, sex, service, and/or organs against their will
Slave Labor
Between 1519 and 1521, Spanish conquistadors, led by Hernán Cortés, overthrew the Aztec Empire
Spanish Conquest of America
The Act resulted in violent protests in America and the colonists argued that there should be “No Taxation without Representation” and that it went against the British constitution to be forced to pay a tax to which they had not agreed through representation in Parliament
Stamp Act Opposition
Eliminated all remaining import duties on tea entering England and thus lowered the selling price to customers
Tea Act
The capital of the largest early state (Mesoamerica)
Teotihuacán
Hamilton argued the general welfare clause justified his program but Jefferson insisted on strict construction of the Constitution
Jefferson Hamilton Bargain
Passed in June and July 1767, these taxed glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea imported to the colonies from England
Townshend Duties
Signed on Christmas Eve 1814, it restored the status quo ante bellum (the state of things before the war); the United States neither gained nor lost territory. Several additional issues, including fixing a boundary between the United States and Canada, were referred to joint commissions for future settlement. Nothing was done about impressment, but the end of the war in Europe made neutral rights a dead issue
Treaty of Ghent 1814
Ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies
Treaty of Paris 1763
A bicameral legislature, the House of Burgesses became a model for Congress and the FIRST representative body in America
Virginia House of Burgesses
A theory proposed by Greenville stating that every member of Parliament represented every British citizen, even the colonists
Virtual Representation
A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier
War of 1812
Who were the wealthiest people in Pre- Revolution America
Northern merchants and southern planters
A civil insurrection in 1794 where one hundred men attacked a U.S. marshal serving sixty delinquent taxpayers with summonses to appear in court at Philadelphia. A crowd of five hundred burned the chief revenue officer’s house after a shoot-out with federal soldiers assigned to protect him
Whiskey Rebellion
Who was main diplomat in Washington’s cabinet
Thomas Jefferson
An incident in which French agents attempted to get a bribe and loans from US diplomats in exchange for an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ship
XYZ Affair
