User, Vehicle and Environment. by ryweed

Question 1

What are some common examples of user factors?

Answer 1

• Tiredness

- Intoxication

Question 2

What are some common examples of vehicles factors?

Answer 2

• Faulty breaks

- Bald tyres

Question 3

What are some common examples of environment factors?

Answer 3

• Poor road design

- Slippery road surface

Question 4

Proportion of accidents in which involved user factors?

Answer 4

94%

Question 5

Proportion of accidents in which involved road factors?

Answer 5

7%

Question 6

Proportion of accidents in which involved environment factors?

Answer 6

19 - 29%

Question 7

What are the two approaches for improving road safety?

How are these approaches applied?

Answer 7

Direct Approach
- teach road users skills and behaviour for safety and persuade to comply.

Indirect Approach
- create a safer environment, both vehicle and surroundings.

Question 8

Which of the two approaches are more practicable and cost-effective?

Answer 8

The most appropriate is the indirect approach.
Takes up to 25 years to change driver behaviour.
Takes up to 10 years to a vehicles fleet characteristics substantially.
Takes only a few weeks or months to change the road environment.

Question 9

What are the 3 types of human error?

Explain in detail.

Answer 9

1) Novice mistakes.
- unskilled, inexperienced, wrong decisions.
2) Violations.
- intentional errors, shortcuts, workarounds. overestimating skills, underestimating crash risk, rules dont apply etc
3) Action slips.
- distraction error, genuine lapses. inattention, fatigue, misjudgement.

Question 10

Which of the 3 types of human error happens to everyone?

Answer 10

Action slips.

This is because humans are not perfect. These will happen unintentionally.

Question 11

What are the two ‘user’ sub systems?

Go into detail.

Answer 11

1) Physiological
- nervous system, hearing, touch, balance, smell.
These have modifiers such as drugs and fatigue.
2) Psychological
- motivation, intelligence, experience, emotion, maturity, habits etc.

Question 12

What is included in the ‘vehicle’ sub system?

Answer 12

Visibility, lights, brakes, power, size, weight, etc

Question 13

What is included in the ‘road environment’ sub system?

There are 5 elements.

Answer 13

1) Traffic stream
2) Road design
3) Land use adjacent to road
4) Legislation and enforcement
5) Climatic and weather conditions

Question 14

When considering user-envrionment interactions, what is it that drivers need to do?

Answer 14

They need to match alertness to the demand imposed by the road environment (with a safety margin between demand and response).

Question 15

What do response times depend on?

Answer 15

1) Nature and strength of stimuli

2) Psychological and physiological state of the driver.

Question 16

What are the four process of perception-reaction time?

Hint, PIEV

Answer 16

1) Perception
2) Intellection
3) Emotion
4) Volition

Question 17

What does PDA mean?

Answer 17

Perception-Decision-Action. Same as PIEV, where I and E are in the ‘Decision’ stage.

Question 18

What is the average PIEV for a simple, familiar situation and strong stimulus?

Answer 18

0.7 - 1.0s

Question 19

What is the average PIEV for a complex, unfamiliar situation and weak stimulus?

Answer 19

5 - 6s