Use of Force Theory

Question 1

Define Section 25 of the Criminal Code?

Answer 1

Everyone (Peace Officer) is authorized to use force in the commission of their duties. As much force as necessary to generate compliance.

Question 2

Define Section 26 of the Criminal Code?

Answer 2

Everyone is responsible for use of force and excess thereof.

Question 3

Define Section 27 of the Criminal Code?

Answer 3

Peace Officer utilizing as much force as necessary to stop or prevent the commission of an offense.

Question 4

List 3 questions to determine objective reasonable test.

Answer 4

1) Was the officer lawfully placed?
2) Did the officer subjectively believe that the force was necessary?
3) Would a reasonable person believe that the forced used was reasonable?

Question 5

What are the 4 Use of Force Principles?

Answer 5

1) Public Safety
2) Officer Safety
3) Continuous Risk-Assessment
4) Best Strategy (prevent death / injury / property damage)

Question 6

What are the 3 types of impact factors and provide 2 examples for each?

Answer 6

1) Subject (Size / Mental State)
2) Officer (Size / Experience)
3) Environment (Time of Day / Weather)

Question 7

List 5 subject categories (Use of Force Continuum)

Answer 7

1) Cooperative
2)Passive Resistance
3) Active Resistance
4) Assaultive
5) GBH

Question 8

List 5 officer response options

Answer 8

1) Officer presence
2) Communication
3) Physical Control
4) Intermediate Weapons
5) Deadly Force

Question 9

Define ‘AIM’

Answer 9

1) Ability - able bodied
2) Intent - verbal / physical cues
3) Means - mechanism of delivery

Question 10

List the 7 tactical principles.

Answer 10

1) Winning Mentality
2) Cover & Concealment
3) Time / Distance Ratio
4) 1 + 1 Rule
5) Threats Cues
6) De-escalation
7) Verbal Commands

Question 11

what are 5 areas of risk?
*HWFEE

Answer 11

1) Hands
2) Weapons
3) Friends / Associates
4) Escape Routes
5) Environment

Question 12

What is the reactionary gap distance?

Answer 12

6 Feet

Question 13

What are 4 types of resistance?
*PEAR

Answer 13

1) Passive actions - will not voluntarily comply
2) Escort Position - intent is to prevent officer from gaining control
3) Assaultive - to physically harm officer
4) Resistance during cuffing - impaired by drugs or alcohol

Question 14

What are 3 types of subjects that you will cuff? which of those 3 is the most dangerous?

Answer 14

1) Totally Cooperative
2) Potentially Uncooperative (Most dangerous)
3) Totally Uncooperative

Question 15

Tactical considerations to handcuffing?
*ACS

Answer 15

1) Approach to contact
2) Control upon first touch (3 points of contact)
3) Speed of Application

Question 16

Reasons for putting someone in handcuffs?

Answer 16

1) Officer / Public Safety
2) Committed a Crime
3) Escape Risk

Question 17

When should you double-lock handcuffs?

Answer 17

When tactically safe to do so

Question 18

Define DSALPS

Answer 18

Double-lock / Search / Ask / Look / Pat / Squeeze

Question 19

What are 5 control principles?
*BDSMP (How to get control of subjecto)

Answer 19

1) Balance Displacement
2) Distraction technique
3) Stunning
4) Motor Dysfunction
5) Pain Compliance

Question 20

5 steps to PSA application

Answer 20

1) Stabilize
2) Apply Pressure / Counter Pressure
3) Use Digital Tip
4) Loud repetitive commands
5) Alleviate Pressure when compliance is achieved

Question 21

What is the minimum distance to use OC spray?

Answer 21

3 Feet

Question 22

What are physiological effects of OC?

Answer 22

Targets respiratory system, eyes and skin.

Question 23

What is positional asphyxia?

Answer 23

a. Occurs when the position of the body contributes to the restriction of adequate air exchange.

Question 24

Define ballistic needling effect?

Answer 24

When OC particles get embedded in the eye/cornea

Question 25

List 3 advantages of OC

Answer 25

1) Able to engage at distance 2) Effects are only temporary 3) Can prevent escalation of force

Question 26

List 3 disadvantages of OC

Answer 26

1) trajectory affected by wind/rain 2) may increase aggression 3) Cross-contamination

Question 27

What subject category can a baton be utilized

Answer 27

Assaultive

Question 28

What are the primary target zones for baton strikes?

Answer 28

Big meaty parts of the body - Upper thigh / Arms

Question 29

What are secondary target zones for baton stirkes?

Answer 29

Joints/hard areas of the body - shoulder /collarbone / wrist / shins

Question 30

What are lethal target zones?

Answer 30

Head / Neck / Spine

Question 31

What are 2 types of neck restraints?

Answer 31

Vascular (Blood flow to brain) / Respiratory (oxygen)

Question 32

What are 4 physiological factors to the shoulder pin restraint? (Latin words)

Answer 32

1) Venous Compression 2) Vagus Stimulation 3) Carotid compression 4) Valsalva maneuver

Question 33

How long should it take a subject to regain consciousness after the shoulder pin?

Answer 33

5-30 seconds

Question 34

3 level of shoulder pin restraint? (must be able to recite verbatim for practical exam)

Answer 34

- Level 1 "Rear neck lock no compression." - Level 2 "Mechanical compression till conscious compliance" - Level 3 "Compression till unconscious"

Question 35

What are 5 characteristics of an edged weapon attack?

Answer 35

1) begin at close range 2) weapon not shown prior to assault (hidden) 3) majority of people are right-handed 4) off hand grab (used to gauge distance) 5) repetitive strikes

Question 36

Define excited delirium

Answer 36

A state of extreme mental and physiological excitement, characterized by increased agitation, hyperthermia, hostility, exceptional strength and endurance without apparent fatigue.

Question 37

What are some characteristics of excited delirium?

Answer 37

1) Increased pain tolerance 2) Sweating 3) Agitation 4) Increased strength 5) shedding clothing 6) non-compliance to police

Question 38

What is ANS?

Answer 38

Includes both Sympathetic (SNS) and Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) - Regulates BP / Body Temp / Organ Functions and will stimulate or regulate.

Question 39

What is SNS?

Answer 39

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) - Fight / Flight / Freeze response - Survival threat perception

Question 40

What triggers SNS activation? (POOS)

Answer 40

1) Physical Exhaustion 2) Objective Threat Perception 3) Object Fear Perception 4) Startle Response

Question 41

What are Physiological changes during SNS activation?

Answer 41

a. Vasoconstriction b. Auditory Exclusion c. Perceptualnarrowing d. Increased HR e. Hyper Vigilance f. Cognitive Processing

Question 42

What are symptoms of SNS activation?

Answer 42

1) Rapid breathing 2) Cotton Mouth 3) Muscle Tremors 4) Increased HR 5) sweaty Palms 6) Difficulty with vision 7) Loss of bowel movement

Question 43

As per the inverted U law, how long does an officer have at 100% performance?

Answer 43

0-15 seconds

Question 44

How can someone manage SNS?

Answer 44

Fitness / Diet / Belief System / Confidence / Imaginary Drills / Tact Breathing

Question 45

What is PNS?

Answer 45

Parasympathetic Nervous System - Rest / Digest, Decrease HR, Relax Muscles / Constrict Pupils / Increase Saliva

Question 45

What are symptoms of PNS backlash?

Answer 45

Dizziness / Excessive Bleeding / Shock / Exhaustion / Muscle Tremors

Question 46

What triggers PNS backlash?

Answer 46

1)Perception that the treat has diminished 2) Perception of an injury 3) Trauma to vital organs 4) Exhaustion

Question 47

How can someone recover from PNS backlash?

Answer 47

1) Lay horizontally 2) Ingest Carbohydrates

Question 48

define homeostasis?

Answer 48

The balance of SNS / PNS

Question 49

define objective threat perception.

Answer 49

Proximity of threat / Time it takes to control the threat / Confidence in your abilities. / Amount of experience with the threat

Question 50

define objective fear perception.

Answer 50

a.Death b. Injury c. Killing d. Incorrect decision making e. Failure f. Fear itself

Question 51

define startle response.

Answer 51

When threat is spontaneous or unexpected.

Question 52

Advantages of baton

Answer 52

1) Easy to carry/transport 2) Psychological deterrent 3) Ability to engage at distance

Question 53

Disadvantages of baton

Answer 53

1) Needs maintenance 2) Higher risk of injury 3) Method of deployment (friction lock vs disc)