Use of Force Theory Flashcards
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Define Section 25 of the Criminal Code?
Everyone (Peace Officer) is authorized to use force in the commission of their duties. As much force as necessary to generate compliance.
Define Section 26 of the Criminal Code?
Everyone is responsible for use of force and excess thereof.
Define Section 27 of the Criminal Code?
Peace Officer utilizing as much force as necessary to stop or prevent the commission of an offense.
List 3 questions to determine objective reasonable test.
1) Was the officer lawfully placed?
2) Did the officer subjectively believe that the force was necessary?
3) Would a reasonable person believe that the forced used was reasonable?
What are the 4 Use of Force Principles?
1) Public Safety
2) Officer Safety
3) Continuous Risk-Assessment
4) Best Strategy (prevent death / injury / property damage)
What are the 3 types of impact factors and provide 2 examples for each?
1) Subject (Size / Mental State)
2) Officer (Size / Experience)
3) Environment (Time of Day / Weather)
List 5 subject categories (Use of Force Continuum)
1) Cooperative
2)Passive Resistance
3) Active Resistance
4) Assaultive
5) GBH
List 5 officer response options
1) Officer presence
2) Communication
3) Physical Control
4) Intermediate Weapons
5) Deadly Force
Define ‘AIM’
1) Ability - able bodied
2) Intent - verbal / physical cues
3) Means - mechanism of delivery
List the 7 tactical principles.
1) Winning Mentality
2) Cover & Concealment
3) Time / Distance Ratio
4) 1 + 1 Rule
5) Threats Cues
6) De-escalation
7) Verbal Commands
what are 5 areas of risk?
*HWFEE
1) Hands
2) Weapons
3) Friends / Associates
4) Escape Routes
5) Environment
What is the reactionary gap distance?
6 Feet
What are 4 types of resistance?
*PEAR
1) Passive actions - will not voluntarily comply
2) Escort Position - intent is to prevent officer from gaining control
3) Assaultive - to physically harm officer
4) Resistance during cuffing - impaired by drugs or alcohol
What are 3 types of subjects that you will cuff? which of those 3 is the most dangerous?
1) Totally Cooperative
2) Potentially Uncooperative (Most dangerous)
3) Totally Uncooperative
Tactical considerations to handcuffing?
*ACS
1) Approach to contact
2) Control upon first touch (3 points of contact)
3) Speed of Application
Reasons for putting someone in handcuffs?
1) Officer / Public Safety
2) Committed a Crime
3) Escape Risk
When should you double-lock handcuffs?
When tactically safe to do so
Define DSALPS
Double-lock / Search / Ask / Look / Pat / Squeeze
What are 5 control principles?
*BDSMP (How to get control of subjecto)
1) Balance Displacement
2) Distraction technique
3) Stunning
4) Motor Dysfunction
5) Pain Compliance
5 steps to PSA application
1) Stabilize
2) Apply Pressure / Counter Pressure
3) Use Digital Tip
4) Loud repetitive commands
5) Alleviate Pressure when compliance is achieved
What is the minimum distance to use OC spray?
3 Feet
What are physiological effects of OC?
Targets respiratory system, eyes and skin.
What is positional asphyxia?
a. Occurs when the position of the body contributes to the restriction of adequate air exchange.
Define ballistic needling effect?
When OC particles get embedded in the eye/cornea
List 3 advantages of OC
1) Able to engage at distance
2) Effects are only temporary
3) Can prevent escalation of force
List 3 disadvantages of OC
1) trajectory affected by wind/rain
2) may increase aggression
3) Cross-contamination
What subject category can a baton be utilized
Assaultive
What are the primary target zones for baton strikes?
Big meaty parts of the body - Upper thigh / Arms
What are secondary target zones for baton stirkes?
Joints/hard areas of the body - shoulder /collarbone / wrist / shins
What are lethal target zones?
Head / Neck / Spine
What are 2 types of neck restraints?
Vascular (Blood flow to brain) / Respiratory (oxygen)
What are 4 physiological factors to the shoulder pin restraint? (Latin words)
1) Venous Compression
2) Vagus Stimulation
3) Carotid compression
4) Valsalva maneuver
How long should it take a subject to regain consciousness after the shoulder pin?
5-30 seconds
3 level of shoulder pin restraint? (must be able to recite verbatim for practical exam)
- Level 1 “Rear neck lock no compression.”
- Level 2 “Mechanical compression till conscious compliance”
- Level 3 “Compression till unconscious”
What are 5 characteristics of an edged weapon attack?
1) begin at close range
2) weapon not shown prior to assault (hidden)
3) majority of people are right-handed
4) off hand grab (used to gauge distance)
5) repetitive strikes
Define excited delirium
A state of extreme mental and physiological excitement, characterized by increased agitation, hyperthermia, hostility, exceptional strength and endurance without apparent fatigue.
What are some characteristics of excited delirium?
1) Increased pain tolerance
2) Sweating
3) Agitation
4) Increased strength
5) shedding clothing
6) non-compliance to police
What is ANS?
Includes both Sympathetic (SNS) and Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) - Regulates BP / Body Temp / Organ Functions and will stimulate or regulate.
What is SNS?
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) - Fight / Flight / Freeze response - Survival threat perception
What triggers SNS activation? (POOS)
1) Physical Exhaustion
2) Objective Threat Perception
3) Object Fear Perception
4) Startle Response
What are Physiological changes during SNS activation?
a. Vasoconstriction
b. Auditory Exclusion
c. Perceptualnarrowing
d. Increased HR
e. Hyper Vigilance
f. Cognitive Processing
What are symptoms of SNS activation?
1) Rapid breathing
2) Cotton Mouth
3) Muscle Tremors
4) Increased HR
5) sweaty Palms
6) Difficulty with vision
7) Loss of bowel movement
As per the inverted U law, how long does an officer have at 100% performance?
0-15 seconds
How can someone manage SNS?
Fitness / Diet / Belief System / Confidence / Imaginary Drills / Tact Breathing
What is PNS?
Parasympathetic Nervous System - Rest / Digest, Decrease HR, Relax Muscles / Constrict Pupils / Increase Saliva
What are symptoms of PNS backlash?
Dizziness / Excessive Bleeding / Shock / Exhaustion / Muscle Tremors
What triggers PNS backlash?
1)Perception that the treat has diminished
2) Perception of an injury
3) Trauma to vital organs
4) Exhaustion
How can someone recover from PNS backlash?
1) Lay horizontally
2) Ingest Carbohydrates
define homeostasis?
The balance of SNS / PNS
define objective threat perception.
Proximity of threat / Time it takes to control the threat / Confidence in your abilities. / Amount of experience with the threat
define objective fear perception.
a.Death
b. Injury
c. Killing
d. Incorrect decision making
e. Failure
f. Fear itself
define startle response.
When threat is spontaneous or unexpected.
Advantages of baton
1) Easy to carry/transport
2) Psychological deterrent
3) Ability to engage at distance
Disadvantages of baton
1) Needs maintenance
2) Higher risk of injury
3) Method of deployment (friction lock vs disc)
