Use of Force - Legislation & Theory Flashcards
What are the SIX elements of the National Decision Making Model?
C.I.A.P.O.A.R
Code of Ethics
Information– Gather information and intelligence
Assessment– Assess threat and risk and develop a working strategy
Powers and policy– Consider powers and policy
Options– Identify options and contingencies
Action and review– Take action and review what happened
What are the 10 Standards of Professional Behaviour?
- Honesty and Integrity
- Authority, Respect and Courtesy
- Equality and Diversity
- Use of Force
- Orders and Instructions
- Duties and Responsibilities
- Confidentiality
- Fitness for Work
- Conduct
- Challenging and Reporting Improper Conduct
What are the 3 core Questions when considering the use of force?
- Does the use of force have a lawful objective?
- Are there any other means than the use of force capable of achieving the objective?
- Having regard to the nature of the threat, what is the lowest level of force required?
When looking at Information and Intelligence, what 4 questions should we be asking?
- What is happening?
- What do I know? (Fact)
- What do I not know?
- What more info do I need?
Assessment:
What are the 4 graded threat assessments?
High
Medium
Low
Unknown
Assessment:
What are the SIX profiles offender behaviours in order of escalation?
- Compliance
- Verbal Resistance and Gestures
- Passive Resistance (No Movement)
- Active Resistance (the offender pulls away from the officers attempt to control or pushes the officer away, but no deliberate attempt is made to strike or injure the officer)
- Aggressive Resistance (Offender fights with the officer, by kicking, punching, biting, wrestling etc)
- Serious or Aggravated Resistance (Assault where there exists the possibility of serious injury or death; this includes where the offender is armed with or produces a weapon)
Assessment:
What are the FOURTEEN most important impact factors?
- Sex-Age-Size-Strength
- Skill Level (Boxer, Ninja etc)
- Exhaustion/Injury
- Numbers
- Special Knowledge (Warning Markers)
- Alcohol/Drugs
- Mental Derangement
- Imminent Danger
- Position of disadvantage
- Perception of situation
- Time of Day
- Location
- Emotions
- Weapons
Powers and Policy:
Which 3 laws and 1 Act relate to the use of force?
- Common Law
- s.3 Criminal Law Act 1967
- s.117 PACE 1984
- Human Rights Act 1998
Powers and Policy:
What is ‘Common Law Use of Force’?
Common Law(R v Griffiths 1988)
If you have an honestly held belief that you or another, are in imminent danger, then you mayusesuchforceas is reasonable and necessary to avert that danger. Circumstances may justify pre-emptive strike.
Powers and Policy:
What is s.3 Criminal Law Act 1967?
A person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances in the prevention ofcrime, or in effecting or assisting in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders or of persons unlawfully at large.
Powers and Policy:
What is s.117 P.A.C.E. 1984?
Allows Police Officers (ONLY), where nessassary, to use reasonable force to exercise thier powers under PACE.
Powers and Policy:
Which of the Articles of the Human Rights Act 1998 need to considered when using force?
Article 2 (Right to Life)
Article 3 (Prohibition of torture, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment)
Article 8 (Respect for private and family life)
Powers and Policy:
When using force what does the Human Rights Act 1998 say it must be?
Proportionate
Legal
Accountable
Nessassary
Options:
What must be considered when think about Tactical options?
The honestly held belief of the ‘likely outcome’ of the situation you’re in at that moment.
Options:
What are the SEVEN Tactical Options?
- Officer Presence
- Tactical Comms
- Unarmed Skills
- Incapacitant Spray
- Limb Restraints
- Handcuffs
- Baton
Options:
When choosing Tactical Options, what must they be?
Proportionate to the perceived threat in the circumstances.
Action and Review:
What 3 choices does the subject have?
- Compliance
- Resist (Fight)
- Escape (Run)
What are Tactical Communications?
Communication skills with the purpose of achieving control
What are the two signs to recognise when considering anger and potential violence?
Warning Signs (Still time to calm the situation)
Danger Signs (Imminent attack)
What are some of the Warning Signs of anger and potential violence?
Direct prolonged eye contact
Abrupt stopping and starting of nervous behaviour
Ground kicking
Breathing rate accelerates
Subject stands tall
Large body movements
Facial colour darkens
Head goes back
Aggression is directed
When noticing Warning Signs, what can we do?
Distancing
Attempt to use Tactical comms (stay calm)
Establish a proper stance
Prepare to use another use of force (Tactical) option (PLAN B)
What are some of the Danger Signs of anger and potential violence?
Stance Change (one in front of the other)
Arms raised and fists clenched
Facial colour pales
Lips tighten over teeth
Head drops to protect the throat
Eyebrows lower to protect the eyes
Shoulders tense
Target aquisition glances
Body lowers
When noticing Danger Signs, what can we do?
Distancing (NOT an arms length. 6 ft or in close)
Move to establish control
Use loud positive verbal commands
Establish a defensive stance (Protect head)
Prepare to use another use of force (Tactical) option (PLAN B)
What is the Five step appeal?
- Ask (Simple)
- Explain (Reasoned)
- Options (Personal)
- Confirm (Final)
- ACTION
Five Step Appeal:
Explain Step 1
Simple Appeal – Ask the individual to comply with the request.
Five Step Appeal:
Explain Step 2
Reasoned Appeal – Explain why the request has been made, what law if any has been broken, and what conduct has caused the request.
Five Step Appeal:
Explain Step 3
Personal appeal – Options. This may remind the individual that they may be jeopardising values that are high priorities to them eg, loss of free time if arrested, loss of money, loss of income, possibility of a criminal record, loss of respect of their partner and family.
Five Step Appeal:
Explain Step 4
Final appeal – The officer should now finally tell them what is required and use a phrase that means the same as the following
example:
‘Is there anything I can reasonably do to make you co-operate with me/us?’
Five Step Appeal:
Explain Step 5
Action – Reasonable force may be the only option left in the case of continued resistance.
Must be One of the options laid out. in Step 3
What measurements need to be considered when looking at a subjects ‘fighting arc’?
90 Degrees (Danger Area in front of Subject)
6ft Away from Subject
What are the FIVE transport techniques?
- Escort Position
- Transport Wristlock
- Arm Entanglement
- Thumblock
- Inverted Wristlock
What are the FIVE reasons for handcuffing?
- Prevent Escape
- Prevent Self Harm
- Preserve Evidence
- Violent
- Likely to be Violent
What are the NINE unarmed defence techniques?
- Push
- Palm Heel Strike
- Hammer Fist Strike
- Elbow Strike
- Piston Punch
- Knee Strike
- Front Kick
- Push Kick
- Sweeping Leg Kick
What are the FIVE baton strikes?
- High Section Power Strike
- Low Section Power Strike
- Front Jab
- Middle/Straight Strike
- Rake
What are the FOUR steps when using PAVA?
- Spray
- Step Away
- Assess
- Aftercare
What is PAVA?
Nonivamide, also called pelargonic acid vanillylamide
What needs to be considered when using Limb Restraints?
- Minimum of 2 people to put them on
- Max 20 minutes before checking on suspect
- Minimum of 4 people for a whole body lift
What does the Cares acronym stand for?
C-ontain situation A-pproach in view R-educe any distractions E-xplain what your doing S-low down your actions
