USA Flashcards
Squanto
Algonquin: helped english settlers survive the winter by teaching them how to plant
Sacagawea
Soshone: Vital role in Lewis and Clark expedition
Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull
Let Sioux and Cheyenne troops in the Battle of Little Bighorn 1876
Chief Joseph
Leader of Pez Perce
Supported peaceful interaction with white settlers
Age of Exploration
Considered to have begun in early 15th century and continued into the 17th century.
Spurred by technological advances in mapmaking and Shipbuilding
Voyage of Christopher Columbus
Discovered the Americas on his journey in 1942 aboard the nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria
Navigation Acts
Enacted in 1651 banned foreign trade among British Colonies
French and Indian Wars
War between France and England in North America that led to heavy war time debt for England
Reasons for British Taxation on American Colonies
Need to pay off war debt
Need for funds to defend expanding empire
Need for funds to govern Britain’s colonies
Quartering Act 1765
Required colonists to provide accommodations and supplies for British troops.
Colonists prohibited from settling west of Appalachians
Sugar Act of 1764
Required taxes to be collected on molasses brought into the colonies
Right to search the homes of suspected truants
Stamp Act 1765
Taxed Printed materials
Townshend Acts of 1767
Taxed paper, paint, lead and tea that came to colonists
Boston Massacre
March 5 1770 5 protesters shot while protesting British Rule
Tea Act 1773
Allowed East India Company to sell tea at lower cost and directly to distributors. In Protest Boston Tea merchants carried out the Boston Tea Party
Coercive Acts 1774
Four Coercive Acts meant to punish Americans
Shut down Boston ports
Required local government officials to be appointed by governor
Required locals to provide lodging for British soldiers
First Continental Congress
Met September 5th 1774 demanded the Intolerable Acts be repealed and instituted trade embargo with Britain
Second Continental Congress
May 10, 1775 discussed how to wage war against Britain and declaring Independence rom Britain
Battle of Lexington and Concord
April 1775 First engagement of Revolutionary war
Battle of Bunker Hill
June 1775, Proved the colonists could stand against a professional British army
Trenton New Jersey
Washington crossed the Delaware on Christmas day
Battle of Saratoga
Surrender of John Burgoyne led to France joining war as allies of the US
Battle of Yorktown
October 19, 1781 General Cornwallis surrendered
Treaty of Paris
Signed September 3 1783
Britain recognized the USA as independent nation
Articles of Confederation
Precursor to Constitution
Prevented central government from gaining too much power
Weak alliance of states proved too ineffective
Virginia Plan
Representation in congress be based on population
New Jersey Plan
proposed that each state have equal representation
Great Compromise
The Connecticut Compromise creating a bicameral Congress with representation in the House based on population but senate equal
Three- Fifths Compromise
Determined Slaves should be counted as 3/5ths of aperson
Commerce Compromise
Congress received regulatory power over all trade
ability to collect tarriffs on exported goods
Allowed imprting slaves to continue for twenty years
Federalist
Proposed a Strong central government and a minimization of state rights
Anti Federalist
Argued against constitution as it gave too much power to central government
Alien and Sedition Acts
Made it illegal to speak in a hostile fashion against the existing government
President could deport anyone not a citizen suspected of treason
Marbury v. Madison
Case sent a precedent for Supreme court the right of judicial review
Ability to nullify laws found to be unconstitutional
McCulloch v. Maryland
Case regarding Second Bank of the US and taxation by the state of Maryland
Precedent given to the federal government to prevail
Indian Removal Act 1830
Gave American government a claim to land east of the Mississippi in exchange for land west of Mississippi
Tribal leaders forced into signing treaties
Treaty of new Echota
Was the precursor the Martin Van Buren enforcing relocation on Cherokee indians through Trail of Tears
Isolationism
US government no intent to establish colonies
No entangling alliances
Washington and Jefferson opposed to forming permanent alliances with other countries and becoming involved in internal issues
Nationalism
Positive patriotic feeling blossomed after War of 1812
War of 1812
Grew out of trade tensions between England and the US
Burning of the white house
Treaty of Ghent
Christmas Eve 1814 ended the war of 1812
Monroe Doctrine
Attempts by European powers to establish new colonies would be considered interference in American politcs
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Lewis and Clark headed an expedition to discover the land bought in the Louisiana purchase
Manifest Destiny
American destined by God to expand west, bringing as much of the North American continent to the US
Gadsen Purchase
1854 was the Second treaty of the Mexican-American War. Added California, Nevada, Utah and portions of New Mexico, Wyoming, Colorado and Arizona
Jacksonian Democracy
Shift in politics from favoring the wealthy to focusing on the common man. Favoring the
Patronage System
Laissez Fair Econoics
Relocation of Indian Tribes
Null and Void
South Carolina stated it could ignore or nullify any federal law it considered unconstitutional
Second Great Awakening
Occurred between 1800-1830 lead by evangelical leaders with a focus on
Personal Responsibility in response to injustice
Significant leaders in Women’s rights movement
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Ernestine Rose
Lucretia Mott
Susan B. Anthony
Seneca Falls
1848 was the first convention held by the National Women Suffrage Association which was dedicated to fighting for the right ot vote
Harriet Beecher Stow
Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin which highlighted the issues of slavery and was a rallying point for northern abolistionists
American Colonization Society
Protestant churches aimed at returning black slaves to Africa
American Anti-Slavery Society
Led by William Lloyd Garrison was a major abolitionist supporter
Publisher of the Liberator
Female Anti-Slavery Society
Formed by Margaretta Forten was a womens society against the institution of slavery
Female Vigilant Society
Organization that raised funds to help the Underground Railroad
Missouri Compromise
Brought Maine into the union as a free state and Missouri as slave state
Remaining portion of Louisiana Purchase split on the 36 30 lines
Popular Sovereignty
Each individual state should decide whether to allow or permit slavery within its borders
Compromise of 1850
California admitted as free state
Slave trade in D.C. outlawed
Increase in efforts to capture escaped slaves
New Mexico/Uta decide whether to allow slavery or nah
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Allowed for popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska
Slavery opponents argued the Missouri Compromise had already made slavery illegal
Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott (a slave) had travelled to Minnesota a free state and abolitionists argued after his master died he was a free man Supreme Court stated Scott as a slave was not a citizen, and that Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
Harper’s Ferry
Led by John Brown was an attack on Harper’s Ferry arsenal and intended to lead a slave revolt
Was captured and hanged
Northern Advantages in Civil War
Larger Population
Better transportation and finances
More raw materials
Southern Advantages in Civil War
Better trained military officers
More familiar with weapons
Defensive position
Well-defined goals
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued in 1862: it freed all slaves in the Confederate states
Battle of Bull Run
July 21, 1861.
First major land battle of the Civil War
Was a bloodbath where the Union was defeated
Set the course for a long war
Capture of Fort Henry
February 1862
Marked the Union’s first major victory
Gettysburg
July 1-3 1863
Turning point of the war
Largest casualties of the war
Overland Campaign
1864
Led a high casualty campaign that positioned the Union for victory
Sherman’s march to the Sea
May of 1864
William Tecumseh Sherman marched from Atlanta to Savannah destroying indiscriminately as he went
Lincoln’s Assassination
April 14, 1865
Shot by John Wilkes Booth while watching Our American Cousin
Thirteenth Amendment
December 18, 1865
Prohibited Slavery
Fourteenth Amendment
July 9, 1868
Overturned Dred Scott decision– guaranteeing rights of citizens
Fifteenth Amendment
February 3, 1870
No citizen denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous status as a slave
Reconstruction Acts
1866
Put all confederate states under military rule
Aimed at assimilating Confederate states back into Union