U.S. Women's History Midterm Flashcards
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of plants, animals, people, diseases, ideas, and religion between Europe/The Americas/Africa
Jamestown was formed for three reasons.
gold-looking, fur trade, to get to the Indies
Women came over as Indentured servants as..
Either dirt poor could marry up, and have lots of deaths
Mary Musgrove
Daughter of a creek woman and an English father
Served as an interpreter
She had a Diplomatic role, Georgia 1732 formed
Plymouth Massachusetts
The second permanent English colony and what would become the United States was formed in 1620
Anne Hutchinson
One of many women had come with her family that came from England during 1630
There was not a huge gender difference in the Massachusetts Bay colony
Her Father encouraged her education
She believed we didn’t need the preachers
1637 she was found guilty of heresy
Anne Bradstreet
She came to the English colony in the 1640s
Just like Anne Hutchinson her father encouraged her to read and write
Daughter of the first governor of the Massachusetts bay area
Wrote books of poetry: The Tenth Muse 1650 first book published in the English Colonies
Mary Rowlandson
Massachusetts was taken captive for a little less than 3 months, devoted Puritan
-She feels her faith fully with her, and sees it as a test of her faith
-She was expecting terrible treatment (savage, barbarous
-She was a seamstress and it gave her a sense of status
Mary Jemison
1758 she was taken captive by the Senecas,, taken when she was 15
-French Indian war going on during the raid
-Seneca kept her as a captive because one of their men had been killed so it was seen as a trade
- was taught to read, well educated
- Were brutal at first, but taught her the language and gave her clothes
-Adopted by the Seneca family
- Had her own house and tenants stayed in it
-Opportunity to see her brothers/ allowed the freedom to travel 8
Women in Colonial Era jobs
Making candles, servants, seamstress, room and boarder
Women in Colonial Era responsibilities?
Washing/Ironing, outdoors planting and raising the gardens, milk cows, daughters were sent out by age 10-11 to neighbors to yarn and nursing
Coverture
When a woman and man get married the woman became legally dead (no right to sue or to be sued, make contracts, and all holdings and properties were now their husbands unless prior arrangement was made.
Difference between Adultery and Fornicationer
Adultery is a married woman having sex with a man that’s not her husband
Fornicationer is a married man having sex with a woman that is not his wife
When could women vote
1790— taken away in 1807
How do women differ and confirm this viewpoint on politics?
Marry people of the same party, wear clothes for certain politics
Dolley Madison
Brought a welcoming manner and gracious hospitality (political persuasions in the same room)
Harriet Martineau
Well off English woman, more of an activist voice, argued against the Declaration of Independence 1840 Anti Slavery convention, London
Seneca Falls
First women’s rights convention, before the convention there had been no talk about womens issues
Lucretia Mott
quaker minister
Goals of Convention
right to vote and secure property
Sarah Grimké
pushes for convention
Declaration of Sentiments
Passed resolutions
67 women, 32 men
All unanimous except 9th
Long Lasting Effects of Declaration of Sentiments
1848 Legislator notices only in NY to inherit property
In 1850 another convention (Ohio) Lucy Stone campaigning for wage slaves
1860 Married Women’s Act guardianship of children and control over wages
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
National Temperance Movement, liberalized divorce
1863
First women’s political movement Loyal League
Second Great Awakening
during the early 19th century in a period known as the Second Great Awakening. Marked by a wave of enthusiastic religious revivals, the Second Great Awakening set the stage for equally enthusiastic social reform movements, especially abolitionism and temperance.
Charles FInney
believed too much technology was happening and we needed to get back to our roots, gave women the right to speak on moral and social issues
African women, the Middle Passage, and slavery
-The first Africans brought to Virginia
-The Middle Passage was like the Columbia exchange but would involve Africans from the west coast of Africa
-Depending on what part of Africa they were from and what part of the world it would take about 2 months because of the distance
-Before the first British colony there was slavery in the Caribbean
-Only Africans in the 1660s were slaves
-Hereditary slavery which means it’s passed down from mother to child
-Severe penalties for interracial relations late 1600s-1700s
-*The idea of feminity was stripped away from African women, and the sense of African women and men being conflated *
They are not considered feminine but could be mothers
Midwest women 1850s-1860s
care for henhouse, dairy, food prep, gardening, cooking, sewing, chid care, and water gathering
The government also recognized that women worked harder than men
Lowell Mill Girls
The cotton gin made slavery thrive
cotton was the most important crop could be used for cover/fabric yarn etc.
First to employ women 15-3 came from Mass and other parts of New England, saved money for pen saving and marriage
Terrible conditions
12 hrs a day… 6 days a week
unhealthy and dangerous breathing in lint/noise
1836
women went on strike for better pay conditions at Lowell Mill
Doretha Dix
created the first set of mental institutions
By 1863 there was a male shortage/draft
Needed women to serve as nurses for the first time
-had to be plain-looking
Spies for North and South
Isabella “Belle Boyd: would entertain northern soldiers and get information
Harriet Tubman: spy for the union
15th amendment
notably left out sex for voting
14th amendment
Equal protection and due process
Freedmen’s Bureau
helped reunite formerly split-apart slave families
-gave education to slaves
made teaching a women’s profession
American Women’s Sufferage Association (AWSA)
allowed men into the organization
National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA)
1869 did not allow men to push for childcare centers, better divorce laws, or opportunities for women
Myra Bradwell
wanted to practice law, but Illinois would not want her she argued the 14th Amendment gave her the right to do this (1873)
What is this New Departure
Minor argued that women were United States citizens and that voting was a “privilege” of national citizenship protected by the Fourteenth Amendment Minor v, Happersett (1875)
Elizabeth Blackwell
first woman doctor in the United States parents were active in the abolitionist movement, created a hospital in Tompkins Square assisted immigrants
Women’s medical college created
Westward expansion & Occupations women went to:
-Husbands in military (went to be military wives)
-Husbands wanted to strike it rich
-Missionary work
-Farming
Why weren’t women hired to be miners?
Mining was considered a male occupation
Grey zone jobs
jobs that were considered needed but not respected: waitress, laundry woman, saloon girl, and seamstress
Mary Grove
Anti-marriage theory, wives should have the right to deny their husbands
Sexuality
doctors started to take scans of lesbians’ brains because if you went t a 7 sister school sexuality would be heavily questioned
Was abortion legal?
Abortion was legal until 1880– in frequency of abortion in 1870 rising
Where were abortions focused?
Upper and middle-class
Why would people seek abortions?
Married women would seek it out because of severe pain/nonmarried women because of having to carry out a pregnancy alone
Comstock Act
prohibits the mailing of “obscene, lewd, or lascivious” materials, like pornography, or any article or thing “intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of abortion.”
New Women
Women part of the women’s sufferage act
