US History I

Question 1

The Line of Demarcation

Answer 1

The line by the Pope to dived the world in half. Giving one half to Spain and the other the Portugal. The Spanish convinced to Pope to do this because both countries wanted to colonize but Portugal was the super power of the sea.

Question 2

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 2

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, moving the Line of Demarcation farther west.

Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.

Question 3

Republican-Democratic Party

Answer 3

political party that believed the people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, favored strict interpretation of the constitution, were pro-French, opposed national bank. Led by Jefferson and Madison.

Question 4

The Federalist Party

Answer 4

The Federalist policies called for a national bank, tariffs, and good relations with Britain as expressed in the Jay Treaty negotiated in 1794. (The only Federalist president was John Adams)

Question 5

The Whig Party

Answer 5

This party wanted expanding power of the federal government, encouraged industrial and commercial development, and was cautious about westward expansion because they feared it would produce instability. It encouraged rising to commercial and manufacturing power and was found favorable to the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast, the wealthy planters of the South, and the farmers of the West. This party also attracted Evangelical Protestants.

Question 6

Henry Hudson

Answer 6

An English explorer employed by the Dutch East India Company. Disregarding orders to sail northeast, he ventured into Delaware Bay and New York Bay in 1609 and then ascended the Hudson River, hoping that at last he had chanced upon the coveted shortcut through the continent. But, as the event proved, he merely filed a Dutch claim to a magnificently wooded and watered area.

Question 7

William Bradford

Answer 7

Leader of the Pilgrims

Question 8

John Winthrop

Answer 8

He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. A successful manor lord in England, Winthrop eagerly accepted the offer to become governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, believing that he had a “calling” from God to lead the new religious experiment. He served as a governor or deputy governor for nineteen years. He helped Massachusetts prosper as fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding.

Opposed religious toleration

Question 9

The Missouri Compromise of 1820

Answer 9

This maintained the balance of slave and free states by bringing in Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. It sought to diffuse slavery as an issue in westward expansion by prohibiting slavery north of latitude 36°30’, but it said nothing about popular sovereignty south of that line.

Question 10

“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

Was said by?

Answer 10

Thomas Jefferson, following the heated elections of 1800.

Question 11

The Treaty of Paris 1783 (four main parts)

Answer 11

Peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay any debts to British creditors.

Britain recognizes independence of the U.S.; boundaries of the new nation are established; American ships are given unlimited fishing rights; creditors of either side would be unimpeded in the collection of lawful debts; the U.S. would compensate loyalists whose property had been confiscated

Question 12

John Smith

Answer 12

Took over Jamestown in 1608, he whipped the gold-hungry people in to line with the rule, “He who shall not work shall not eat.” He was kidnapped by Indians and put on a fake execution in which the chief Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas put herself between John Smith and death. This was a symbol to show that they wanted to have peace between then and the Virginians. Still many colonists died.

Question 13

John White

Answer 13

Roanoke’s colony leader who returned to England for more food and tools–when he finally returned to Roanoke the colony had vanished.

Question 14

Giovanni da Verrazzano

Answer 14

An Italian explorer in the service of France. In 1524, he sailed to North America in search of the NW Passage

Question 15

Francis Drake

Answer 15

He swashbuckled and looted his way around the planet, returning in 1580 with his ship heavily ballasted with Spanish booty. The venture netted profits of about 4,600 percent to his financial backers, among whom, in secret, was Queen Elizabeth. Defying Spanish protest, she brazenly knighted Drake on the deck of his barnacled ship.

Question 16

Vasco Nunez de Dalboa

Answer 16

Hailed as the discoverer of the Pacific Ocean, he waded into the foaming waves off Panama in 1513 and boldly claimed for his kind all the lands washed by that sea.

Question 17

Jaun Ponce de Leon

Answer 17

In 1513 and 1521, Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida, which he at first thought was an island. Seeking gold, most likely not the mythical fountain of youth, he instead met death by an Indian arrow.

Wanted gold and fountain of youth, made first spanish settlement in america. He explored and established his settlement in Florida.

Question 18

Giovanni Cobato (John Cabot)

Answer 18

Italian-born navigator explored the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland looking for the NW Passage. Gave England a claim in North America. (1497-1498)

Question 19

King George’s War

Answer 19

The third War fought between Britain and France and Spain. It took place not only in Europe but also in North America with American colonists supporting the British with thousands of troops. In the end, Britain gained lands in India but lost Louisburg, which embittered the American colonists relations with the Mother Country .

Question 20

The Act of Religious Toleration

Answer 20

Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.

Question 21

King William’s War

Answer 21

The first of the four wars fought between France, Spain, England and France’s indian allies for control of North America. No major battles fought or major land change but brought terrifying indian raids.

War fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their perspective Indian allies from 1689-1697. The colonial theater of the larger War of the League of Augsburg in Europe.

Question 22

Queen Anne’s War

Answer 22

Second in a series of conflicts between the European powers for control of North America, fought between the English and French colonists in the North, and the English and Spanish in Florida. Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Britain.

Question 23

Maria Mitchell

Answer 23

An astronomer who discovered a comet and was the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Question 24

Embargo Act of 1807

Answer 24

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade.

Question 25

Roger Williams

Answer 25

A personable and popular Salem minister who was a young man with radical ideas and an unrestrained tongue. An extreme Separatist, he hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean break with the corrupt Church of England. He also challenged the legality of the Bay Colony's charter, which he condemned for expropriating the land from the Indians without fair compensation. He also denied the authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior-a seditious blow at the Puritan idea of government's very purpose. Started Rhode Island

Question 26

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 26

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. A reformer. A spiritual child of the Second Great Awakening, Garrison published in Boston the first issue of his militantly antislavery newspaper, The Liberator. With this, he triggered a thirty-year war of words and in a sense fired one of the opening barrages of the Civil War.

Question 27

Horace Mann

Answer 27

As secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he campaigned effectively for more and better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and en expanded curriculum. His influence radiated out to other states, and impressive improvements were chalked up.

Question 28

Sojourner Truth

Answer 28

A freed black woman in New York who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women's rights.

Question 29

Walt Whitman

Answer 29

Highly romantic, emotional, and unconventional, he dispensed with titles, stanzas, rhymes, and at times even regular meter. He handled sex with shocking frankness. Considered the quintessential American "common man"

Question 30

James Fenimore Cooper

Answer 30

The first American novelist, as Washington Irving was the first general writer, to gain world fame and to make New World themes respectable. His novels had wide sale among Europeans, some of whom came to think all American people as born with tomahawk in hand. First American novelist, meaning he used American themes.

Question 31

Romanticism

Answer 31

A movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

Question 32

Transcendentalism

Answer 32

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon belief that each person possesses an "inner light" that can point the way to truth and and direct contact with God. late 1830s

Question 33

Freeport Doctrine

Answer 33

In a Douglas vs. Lincoln debate, this was Stephen Douglas's said that slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery. Likewise, if the people of the territory supported slavery, legislation would provide for its continued existence. He didn't want to go against the Supreme Court and say it couldn't be continued into the territories but he also didn't want to anger southerners.

Question 34

The Triangular Trade

Answer 34

The trade route across the Atlantic Ocean that involved Europe, the Eastern coast of America, and Africa. African slaves were shipped over to the American colonies, where they worked on plantations and farms to produce tobacco and grain. These were then shipped to England and processed into fabrics and other goods which were traded to Africa for more slaves. The pattern of trade that connected Europe, Africa, Asia, and the American continents. They traded rum, slaves, sugar, and tobacco . + West Inies and molasses

Question 35

Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses Grant at...

Answer 35

The Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865

Question 36

The Judiciary Act of 1789

Answer 36

Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general. Congress provided for a Supreme Court of six members and a system of lower district courts and courts of appeal, also giving the Supreme Court the power to make the final decisions in cases involving the constitution or state laws.

Question 37

Alexander Hamilton's Legislative Program

Answer 37

Promoted the Bank of the United States, assumption of Confederation and state debts, excise taxes, and manufacturing

Question 38

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Answer 38

Defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. It forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established.

Question 39

The Specie Circular of 1836

Answer 39

An executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver. U.S. treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard", or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

Question 40

Anne Bradstreet

Answer 40

The first published American poet

Question 41

Phillis Wheatley

Answer 41

The first African American poet to be published.

Question 42

House of Burgesses

Answer 42

The first lawmaking body in the English colonies It was the representative assembly in Virginia. Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least 50 acres of land to vote. It was the first representative house in America. It instituted private ownership of land and maintained the rights of the colonists.

Question 43

Massachusetts General Court

Answer 43

Passed the first set of laws in the English colonies.

Question 44

King Philip's War

Answer 44

Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades. The war inflicted a lasting defeat on New England's Indians. Drastically reduced in numbers, dispirited, and disbanded, they thereafter posed only sporadic threats to the New England colonists.

Question 45

Royal Colonies

Answer 45

Colonies that were under the direct control of the English crown

Question 46

Proprietary Colonies

Answer 46

Colonies owned by persons who had been given a royal charter to own the land

Question 47

Charter Colonies

Answer 47

Colonies based on a grant of land by the British Crown to a company or a group of settlers

Question 48

Mercantilism

Answer 48

The theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys

Question 49

Salutary Neglect

Answer 49

Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763.

Question 50

Stamp Act of 1765

Answer 50

A stamp tax was a widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" which questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.

Question 51

Declaratory Act of 1766

Answer 51

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. | Stated that Parliament had the power to make laws binding on the colonies. Eg. taxes.

Question 52

The Intolerable Acts

Answer 52

Series of punitive measures passed in 1774 retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists converted the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Question 53

Quartering Act of 1765

Answer 53

Required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights.

Question 54

Townshend Acts of 1767

Answer 54

External, or indirect, levies on glass, white paper, lead, paint and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies.

Question 55

The Homestead Act

Answer 55

1862 - A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land. A clear evidence of Lincoln's democratic beliefs. The vast majority of settlers returned East after failing as farmers.

Question 56

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Answer 56

It would create 2 new territories to allow the government to build a railroad. It split Nebraska into the territories of Nebraska and Kansas and allowed for popular sovereignty there, thus nullifying the Missouri Compromise.

Question 57

Benjamin Rush

Answer 57

Patriot and doctor; signer of the Declaration of Independence and strong supporter of the Constitution. He was the first to diagnose insanity as an illness and wrote curriculum for course in psychiatry.

Question 58

Tenure of Office Act

Answer 58

Required the president to secure consent of the Senate before removing appointees once they had been approved

Question 59

Copperheads

Answer 59

This was a group Northern Democrats who wanted Lincoln to negotiate peace with the South. They were so named because they identified themselves by showing the head of the copper penny.

Question 60

The Trent Affair

Answer 60

- 2 Confederate diplomats slipped through the Union blockade near Cuba, where they boarded an English steamer, the Trent, set for England. - The American frigate stopped the English vessel without authorization, arrested the diplomats, and carried them back to Boston. - As a result, the British government demanded the release of the prisoners, reparations, and an apology.

Question 61

Ostend Manifesto

Answer 61

A document drafted by three proslavery diplomats in support of buying Cuba from Spain to expand the United States' slave territory Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North. Attempt to buy Cuba from Spain for $20 million - not carried out. 1854. Pierce. "Young America."

Question 62

Stephen A Douglas

Answer 62

Politician from Illinois who supported popular sovereignty and basically destroyed his political career with the Freeport Doctrine. Strongly supported the compromise of 1850. Engineered different coalitions to pass each part of the compromise separately. He longed to break the North-South deadlock over westward expansion and stretch a line a settlements across the continent. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska scheme flatly contradicted the Missouri Compromise of 1820. President Pierce supported the bill. Douglas acted somewhat impulsively and recklessly. He did not care much one way or the other for slavery.

Question 63

The Free Soil Party

Answer 63

Organized in 1848, this third party proposed the exclude slavery from federal territories and nominated former President Van Buren in the election that year. Most became Republicans. Antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers.

Question 64

The Know Nothing Party

Answer 64

Supported natural-born American opportunities and opposed immigration. When asked about the party they would say "I know nothing."

Question 65

Hudson River School

Answer 65

A well-known group of landscape painters in the first half of the nineteenth century.

Question 66

Dorothea Dix

Answer 66

A physically frail woman afflicted with persistent lung trouble. She was dedicated to improving conditions for the mentally ill. She led movement to build new mental hospitals and improve existing ones. New England teacher and author who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of the mentally ill

Question 67

_____ were "The great equalizer" in American society

Answer 67

Public Schools

Question 68

Treaty of Greenville

Answer 68

Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payments, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status. Cleared the Ohio territory of Indian tribes upon General Anthony Wayne's victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.

Question 69

Panic of 1837

Answer 69

- destruction of 2nd Bank of US - overextension of bank credit - poor wheat crop - Specie Circular of 1836 (by Jackson) Van Buren inherited Jackson's financial issues. A world wide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Question 70

John Jay

Answer 70

First Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court Wrote 5 of the Federalist papers He perceived that the French could not satisfy the conflicting ambitions of both Americans and Spaniards. He saw signs indicating that the Paris foreign office was about to betray America's trans-Appalachian interests to satisfy those of Spain. He therefore secretly made separate overtures to London, contrary to his instructions from Congress. The hard-pressed British, eager to entice one of their enemies from the alliance, speedily came to terms with the Americans.

Question 71

First Amendment

Answer 71

Freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition.

Question 72

Second Amendment

Answer 72

Right to bear arms.

Question 73

Third Amendment

Answer 73

No forced quartering of soldiers in private homes.

Question 74

Fourth Amendment

Answer 74

No search and seizure without a search warrant. | "Don't come through my door, I'm protected by the four."

Question 75

Fifth Amendment

Answer 75

1. No double jeopardy. 2. Can not be forced to be witness against himself/herself. 3. Right to due process of law. 4. No property taken without fair compensation.

Question 76

Sixth Amendment

Answer 76

Confirms the accused right to a quick and public trial, right to be faced by accusing witnesses, and right to be represented by a lawyer.

Question 77

Seventh Amendment

Answer 77

Civil trial by jury.

Question 78

Eight Amendment

Answer 78

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail or fines.

Question 79

Ninth Amendment

Answer 79

Safety net - rights not listed are retained by the people.

Question 80

Tenth Amendment

Answer 80

All powers not given to the fed gov default to the states.

Question 81

Eleventh Amendment

Answer 81

States may not be sued by individuals.

Question 82

Twelfth Amendment

Answer 82

Election procedures for president and vice president.

Question 83

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 83

Abolished slavery (1865).

Question 84

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 84

1868-made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country. All former Confederate supporters were prohibited from holding office in the U.S.

Question 85

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 85

Extended voting rights to blacks.

Question 86

Sixteenth Amendment

Answer 86

Legalized the income tax.

Question 87

Seventeenth Amendment

Answer 87

Direct election of senators.

Question 88

Eighteenth Amendment

Answer 88

Prohibition of alcohol.

Question 89

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 89

Voting rights for women.

Question 90

Twentieth Amendment

Answer 90

Inauguration changed from March to January.

Question 91

Twenty-first Amendment

Answer 91

Nulls the prohibition.

Question 92

Twenty-second Amendment

Answer 92

Limits the president to two terms in office.

Question 93

Twenty-third Amendment

Answer 93

Electoral votes extended to Washington D.C.

Question 94

Twenty-fourth Amendment

Answer 94

Prohibited poll taxes.

Question 95

Twenty-fifth Amendment

Answer 95

Defines the process of presidential succession.

Question 96

Twenty-sixth Amendment

Answer 96

Voting rights to 18-year-olds.

Question 97

Twenty-seventh Amendment

Answer 97

Congress can't give itself a pay raise.

Question 98

Lousiana Purchase

Answer 98

1803 event that DOUBLES size of U.S. - - - Thomas Jefferson = President (from FRENCH for 15 million) Guaranteed Wester farmers access to the Mississippi River as an avenue of trade. Presented Jefferson with a constitutional dilemma since he was a "strict" constitutionist. Gave the US control of the port of New Orleans.

Question 99

Essex Junto

Answer 99

A group of New England Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase. Aaron Burr supported.

Question 100

Burr Conspiracy

Answer 100

After Burr killed Hamilton and fled, he and James Wilkerson planned to take over the LA Purchase and start a new country. Wilkerson backed out and told Jefferson. Burr was tried for treason but acquitted.

Question 101

Non-intercourse Act and Macon's Bill No. 2

Answer 101

Opened trade with all nations except France and Britain, later gave the president power to prohibit trade with any nation that violated our neutrality.

Question 102

War of 1812

Answer 102

"America's Second War for Independence" against Britain. Started because of Britain's wars with Napoleon, The Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts, the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, and Britain instigating the Indians. Under James Madison.

Question 103

Treaty of Ghent

Answer 103

Treaty that ended the War of 1812. British and Americans return to pre-war status quo. Christmas Eve 1814

Question 104

George Washington

Answer 104

1789-1797 Federalist VP: John Adams 1st President Supported the 1st Bank of the United States Served 2 Terms

Question 105

John Adams

Answer 105

1797-1801 Federalist VP: Thomas Jefferson ``` Federalist Sedition Acts Alien Laws XYZ Affair Served 1 Term ```

Question 106

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 106

1801-1809 Democratic-Republican VP: Aaron Burr, George Clinton ``` Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian) Embargo Act - Non-Intercourse Act Wanted Small Military John Marshall Louisiana Purchase James Monroe, Robert Livingston Meriwether Lewis, William Clark Served 2 Terms ``` He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence and he later served as the third President of the United States. "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. One heart, one mind, common good." Party strife should be forgotten once the will of the people has been expressed in election.

Question 107

James Madison

Answer 107

``` 1809-1817 Democratic-Republican VP: George Clinton, Eldbridge Gerry Democratic-Republican Macon's Bill No. 2 War of 1812 - Treaty of Ghent (1814) Tariff of 1816 Rejected Nationally-Funded Roads Served 2 Terms ``` "The Father of the Constitution." Talented politician sent to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. His notable contributions to the Constitution helped to convince the public to ratify it.

Question 108

James Monroe

Answer 108

1817-1825 Democratic-Republican VP: Daniel D. Tompkins He was nominated for the presidency in 1816 by the Republicans. He was an intellect and personal force the least distinguished of the first eight presidents. Monroe was an experienced, levelheaded executive, with an ear-to-the-ground talent for interpreting popular rumblings. Era of Good Feelings.

Question 109

John Quincy Adams

Answer 109

1825-1829 Democratic-Republican VP: John C. Calhoun He ranks as one of the most successful secretaries of state, yet one of the least successful presidents. Fewer than one third of the voters had voted for him. He did not possess many of the usual arts of the politician and scorned those who did. He had achieved high office by commanding respect rather than by courting popularity. In an earlier era, and aloof John Adams had won the votes of propertied men by sheer ability. During his entire administration he removed only 12 public servants from the federal payroll. Adam's nationalistic views gave him further woes. Adam's land policy antagonized westerners. He was the sun of John Adams. He headed a group of five men who were peacemakers that were sent to the quaint Belgian city of Ghent in 1814.

Question 110

Andrew Jackson

Answer 110

``` 1829-1837 Democratic VP: John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren Reliant on: -the veto -the "kitchen cabinet" -the spoils system -public opinion ``` He ran in the 1824 election. Military Hero. He lost to John Quincy Adam's even though he won popular vote because Henry Clay was not a fan of him at all. The seventh President of the United States and who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans.

Question 111

Martin Van Buren

Answer 111

1837-1841 Democratic VP: Richard M. Johnson ``` Democratic Divorce Bill Independent Treasury Bill His delayed actions to end the Panic of 1837 caused the economic downturn to continue for many years. Served 1 Term ``` Jackson's vice president who was appointed as Jackson's successor in 1836. Van Buren was supported by the Jacksonites without wild enthusiasm, even though he had promised to tread generally in the military booted footsteps of his predecessor. He became the eighth president and was the first to be born under the American flag. He was resented by many Democrats.

Question 112

William Henry Harrison

Answer 112

1841 Whig VP: John Tyler Whigs wanted him to run for office, they thought he would be able to generate many votes. He was known for his successes against Indians and the British at the Battle of Tippecanoe and the Thames. Harrison's views on current issues were only vaguely known. He was nominated primarily because he was issueless and enemyless. Died of pneumonia 31 days into term, first president to die in office

Question 113

John Tyler

Answer 113

``` 1841-1845 Whig VP: NONE State's rights Southerner Strict Constitutionalist Whig in name-only Expelled from the Whig party, attempted impeachment ``` First president to have veto overridden by Congress. He could not stand the dictatorial tactics of Jackson. "Democrat in Whig clothing." Tyler had been put on the ticket partly to attract the vote of this fringe group, many of whom were influential southern gentry. He hated a centralized bank. He received numerous letters threatening him with death. His entire cabinet resigned in a body. He was also formally expelled from his party.

Question 114

James K. Polk

Answer 114

``` 1845-1849 Democratic VP: George M. Dallas Staunch Jacksonian Low revenue-only tariff ``` Democrat Oregon Country w/Britain Mexican-American War Served 1 Term From Tennessee. America's first "surprise" candidate. Speaker of the House of Representatives for four years and governor of Tennessee for two terms, he was determined, industrious, ruthless, and an intelligent public servant. Friends with Andrew Jackson. He was hated by the Whigs.

Question 115

Zachary Taylor

Answer 115

``` 1849-1850 Whig VP: Millard Fillmore Underground Railroad Gold Rush Congressional Debate of 1850 Died in Office on July 9, 1850 Served 1 Term** ``` Under the orders of Polk, Taylor led four thousand men to march from the Nueces River to the Rio Grande, provocatively near Mexican forces. He thought Mexico would react and fighting would occur but when it did not he declared war. "Old Rough and Ready." Mexican American War Hero Priority of upholding the Union

Question 116

Millard Fillmore

Answer 116

1850-1853 Whig VP: NONE

Question 117

Franklin Pierce

Answer 117

1853-1857 Democratic VP: William R. King ``` "Young America" Expansionist Cuba/Nicaragua Transcontinental Railroad Kansas-Nebraska Act Lecompton Constitution with Kansas Served 1 Term ``` An unrenowned lawyer-politician. He was a weak and indecisive figure. He was a prosouthern northerner and was acceptable to the slavery wing of the Democratic party. His platform revived the Democrats' commitment to territorial expansion as pursued by President Polk and emphatically endorsed the Compromise of 1850.

Question 118

James Buchanan

Answer 118

``` 1857-1861 Democratic VP: John C Breckinridge Dred Scott Case Panic of 1857 John Brown Served 1 Term ``` Chosen by the Democrats to run for president. He had been serving as a minister in London during the recent Kansas-Nebraska uproar. He was therefore Kansas-less and hence relatively enemy-less.

Question 119

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 119

1861-1865 Republican VP: Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson ONLY gathered 40% of the popular vote, but won with electoral majority. One of the most skillful politicians in Republican party. Lawyer. He gained national exposure by debates with Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln's attacks on slavery made him nationally known. He thought slavery was very wrong. He felt there was not an alternative to slavery and blacks were not prepared to live on equal terms as whites. He won the presidency in November election.

Question 120

Andrew Johnson

Answer 120

``` 1865-1869 Republican, War Democrat VP: NONE IMPEACHED and came within one vote of being removed from office. Tenure of Office Act violated. Civil War ``` A loyal War Democrat from Tennessee who had been a small slaveowner when the conflict began. He was placed on the Union Party ticket to "sew up" the election by attracting War Democrats and the voters in the Border States and with no proper regard for the possibility that Lincoln might die in office.

Question 121

Ulysses S. Grant

Answer 121

1869-1877 Republican VP: Schuyler Colfax, Henry Wilson ``` Republican Political Corruption i. Credit Mobilier Scandal Panic of 1873 Served 2 Terms ``` General of the Union army who successfully lead the Union to many victories over the Confederacy. He trained at West Point and he proved to be a better General than president.

Question 122

Ruthorford B. Hayes

Answer 122

1877-1881 Republican VP: William A. Wheeler Republican candidate who was obscure enough to be dubbed "The Great Unknown." His foremost qualification was the fact that he hailed from the electorally doubtful but potent state of Ohio, where he had served three terms as governor.

Question 123

Adams-Onis Treaty Treaty of 1819 Florida Purchase Treaty.

Answer 123

Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.

Question 124

Preemption Act

Answer 124

Squatters get first dibs on unsurveyed federal lands, at low prices.

Question 125

Oregon Treaty

Answer 125

Signed with Great Britain in 1846, allowing the US to acquire peacefully what is now Oregon, Washington, and parts of Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. Under POLK

Question 126

Townshend Duties of 1767

Answer 126

Charles Townshend's chance to prove that he could successfully tax the colonies - occurred BEFORE the Boston Massacre.

Question 127

John C. Calhoun

Answer 127

Leader in the state's rights movement and believed states could secede whenever they wanted to. After 1830, his views evolved and he became a greater proponent of states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade; as he saw these means as the only way to preserve the Union. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as something positive, his distrust of majoritarianism, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union. One of the few topflight political theorists ever produced by America. He was a South Carolinian educated at Yale. Beginning as a strong nationalist and Unionist, he reserved himself and became the ablest of the sectionalists and disunionists in defense of the south and slavery. As a foremost nullifier, he died trying to reconcile strong states' rights with a strong Union. In his last years, he advocated a Siamese-twin "dual presidency", probably unworkable, with one president for the north and one for the south. His former plantation home is now the site of Clemson University.

Question 128

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

Answer 128

Upholders of the Union.

Question 129

The Compromise of 1850

Answer 129

Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and the South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery. Henry Clay - Cali admitted as a free state. - NM and UT decided by pop sovereignty - slave trade abolished in D.C., but not slavery itself - Fugitive Slave Law - Texas' debt paid - Congress declares NO jurisdiction over the interstate slave trade

Question 130

Roger Sherman

Answer 130

Came up with the Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia 1788.

Question 131

Federalist

Answer 131

Favored strong national government; supported Constitution. | Examples: Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison

Question 132

Jay Treaty

Answer 132

Treaty w/ British to attempt to settle the conflict at sea. Failed. 1794

Question 133

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Answer 133

In 1828 the Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction over Indian affairs and Indian lands. The Cherokees appealed this move to the Supreme Court, which thrice upheld the rights of the Indians. Chief Justice Marshall rejected the Cherokee nation's argument that they existed as a "nation within a nation", but ruled that they could not be legally removed from their lands. But President Jackson, who clearly wanted to open Indian lands to white settlement, refused to recognize the Court's decision. "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it." The remaining tribes beyond the Mississippi were removed. Jackson said that the Indians could preserve their native cultures in the West.

Question 134

Market Economy (1820)

Answer 134

``` The rise of commercial agriculture. Reform Movements of the 1830's -Temperance -Revivalism -Women's Rights -Education ``` NOT LABOR UNIONS

Question 135

Antifederalist critique

Answer 135

- lack of a written Bill of Rights - lack of a popular vote for presidency - powers of the Supreme Court - large territory of the US

Question 136

Stanley Elkins

Answer 136

Published the controversial "Slavery" in 1960, viewing slavery as crushing African-Americans into a "sambo personality."

Question 137

George Fitzhugh

Answer 137

1850s - most ardent defender of Southern slavery as a "positive good."

Question 138

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

Answer 138

Chief Justice Roger Taney declared that the Missouri Compromise (fed regulation of slavery) was unconstitutional. Scott is property and therefore cannot sue. Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States.

Question 139

Missouri Compromise

Answer 139

Over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36˚30'.

Question 140

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 140

Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee the Union lines. Issued by Lincoln in Jan 1863, but did not actually free any slaves because it only applied to the territories "in rebellion against the US", which Lincoln had no authority over. Slaves were officially freed nationwide with the 13th Amendment in 1865.

Question 141

Articles of the Confederation

Answer 141

First American constitution passed in 1777 which created a loose alliance of 13 independent states. Weak central government. Later, the Confederate States modeled after this. Unicameral.

Question 142

Northern Reconstruction

Answer 142

Major failure: inability to provide economic independence to ex-slaves.

Question 143

Know-Nothing Party

Answer 143

Anti-Catholic and Anti-Foreign. 1855 "Nativists" who were anti-foreigner. The created a party named for its secretiveness, and in 1856 nominated the lackluster ex president Millard Fillmore. "Americans must rule America. They threatened to cut into Republican strength. Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

Question 144

Roger Williams

Answer 144

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.

Question 145

Middle Colonies

Answer 145

Delaware New Jersey New York Pennsylvania

Question 146

French and Indian War

Answer 146

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe. Key British victory: Louisburg 1754-63 Transferred Canada from France to Britain. AKA Seven Year's War

Question 147

Middle Passage

Answer 147

Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high. Terrified survivors were eventually shoved onto auction blocks in New World ports like Newport, Rhode Island, or Charleston, South Carolina, where a giant slave market traded in human misery for more than a century.

Question 148

Nathaniel Greene

Answer 148

A quaker-reared tactician who distinguished himself by his strategy of delay. Standing and then retreating, he exhausted his foe, General Charles Cornwallis, in vain pursuit. By losing battles but winning campaigns, the "Fighting Quaker" finally succeeded in clearing the most of Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.

Question 149

Constitutional Convention

Answer 149

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution.

Question 150

Alexander Hamilton

Answer 150

Thirty-one years old and from New York. He brilliantly saved the convention form complete failure by engineering the adoption of his report. It called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with commerce alone, but to bolster the entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. ``` "Report on Public Credit" - assume the state debts. First Bank of US Founder of Federalist party. Huge proponent of the Constitution Friendly trade relations with British. ```

Question 151

American System

Answer 151

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.

Question 152

Tenure of Office Act

Answer 152

1867 - Proposed by Radical Republicans in Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing Radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a Radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

Question 153

Civil War

Answer 153

1861-1865

Question 154

Reconstruction

Answer 154

Lincoln and Johnson - saw the Civil War as a rebellion of individuals and stressed presidential pardon. Radical Republicans - the South is conquered provinces or unorganized territory and believed that Congress had power over reconstruction. Southern states - passed the Black Codes. Johnson's Plan - Recommending that the vote be extended to freed slaves. - Required ratification of the 13th amendment. - Required renunciation of secession. - Required repudiation of the Confederate debt.

Question 155

American Renaissance

Answer 155

A burst of American literature during the 1840s, highlighted by the novels of Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne; the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller; and the poetry of Walt Whitman. Emphasized emotion and inner feeling and created a more democratic literature, accessible to everyone. Women also contributed literary works.

Question 156

Virginia

Answer 156

Founded as a joint-stock company in 1607.

Question 157

Panic of 1857

Answer 157

Over-speculation in railroad stocks. James Buchanan. Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation in railroad stocks, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands.

Question 158

Treaty of Paris 1763

Answer 158

Spanish obtained New Orleans and Louisiana. | Ended the French and Indian War.

Question 159

Treaty of Ghent

Answer 159

Ended the War of 1812. Restoration of territory taken during the war. Following...disarmament of the Great Lakes.

Question 160

Iroquois Confederation

Answer 160

The Iroquois Confederation developed the political and organization skills to sustain a robust military alliance that menaced its neighbors, Native American and European alike, for well over a century. The Iroquois were one of the greatest empires in North America. Mohawk Valley of what is now New York Formed in 1500s: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk. NOT SIOUX.

Question 161

Samuel Adams

Answer 161

A second cousin of John Adams, he contributed a potent pen and tongue to the American Revolution as a political agitator and organizer of the rebellion. He was the leading spirit in hosting the Boston Tea Party. A failure in the brewing business, he was sent by Massachusetts to the First Colonial Congress of 1774. He signed the Declaration of Independence and served in Congress until 1781.

Question 162

Declaration of Independence

Answer 162

Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide. 1776 1) Reasons for separation 2) A theory of government 3) Announcement of the state of war

Question 163

Jay Treaty (1794)

Answer 163

Evacuation of English troops from their posts along the Great Lakes. Facilitating peaceful trade w/ the British even in the midst of the French Revolution.

Question 164

XYZ Affair

Answer 164

Led to the Quasi-War of 1798-99. Undeclared. No trade with French, and authorization to attack and capture armed French vessels. Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.

Question 165

Aaron Burr

Answer 165

VP between 1801 and 1804 | Involved in a conspiracy to separate the western states from the Union.

Question 166

Nicholas Biddle

Answer 166

President of the Second Bank of the United States. He held an immense amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. He was arrogant and he and the Bank of the United States were hated by many. The bank was a private institution, accountable not to the people, but to its elite circle of money investors.

Question 167

Four Early Wars of the Empire

Answer 167

1) King William's War (1689-97) no major territorial changes 2) Queen Anne's War (1702-1713) sporadic fighting against Spain and France. Ended with the Treaty of Utrecht, which gave Britain major territorial gains and trade advantages. 3) King George's War (1739) - US accompanied British on several expeditions 4) American capture of Louisbourg in 1745, but was given back to France in exchange for land in India.

Question 168

Early Explorers

Answer 168

Francisco Coronado Robert La Selle Samuel de Champlain Jacques Marquette

Question 169

Gold Rushes

Answer 169

California: 1849 Colorado + Nevada: 1859 South Dakota: 1874 Alaska: 1880 + 1896

Question 170

Unitarianism

Answer 170

Most influential of the organized religious philosophies produced by 18th century rationalism and humanism.

Question 171

Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 171

1798 - Law passed during John Adam's presidency. Later deemed unconstitutional. 1) Increased residency requirement from 5-14 years. 2) Allowed president to deport aliens who were "dangerous". 3) Restricted speech which was critical of the federal gov. Republican response: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

Question 172

Hartford Convention

Answer 172

Federalists. 1814 Primary goal= to assert a doctrine of STATE'S RIGHTS. Demanded a series of constitutional amendments. 1) Require a 2/3 vote of Congress to declare war, impose commercial restrictions, and admit new states 2) Omit slaves from the census used to apportion representation in Congress 3) Restrict presidents to a single term and prohibit successive presidents from the same state. Convention of the Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.

Question 173

John Peter Zenger/Zenger decision

Answer 173

A newspaper printer. The Zenger trial arose in New York, reflecting the tumultuous gave-and-take of politics in the middle colonies, where so many different ethnic groups jostled against one another. Charged with seditious libel, the accused was hauled into court, where he was defended by a former indentured servant, now a distinguished Philadelphia lawyer, Andrew Hamilton. Zenger argued that he printed the truth, but the bewigged royal chief justice instructed the jury not to consider the truth or falsity of Zenger's statements; the mere fact of printing, irrespectible of the truth, was enough to convict.

Question 174

Daniel Webster

Answer 174

All about keeping the union together. Premier orator and statesman, Webster served many years in both houses of Congress and also as secretary of state. Often regarded as presidential timber, he was somewhat handicapped by an overfondness for good food and drink and was frequently in financial difficulties. His devotion to the Union was inflexible. "One country, one constitution, and one destiny," he proclaimed in 1837. He expounded his Federalistic and nationalistic philosophy before the supreme bench.

Question 175

Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842

Answer 175

Daniel Webster's last hurrah before resigning from the Tyler cabinet. Compromise and forbearance brought to US - British relations. Was concerned in part with joint Anglo-American efforts to suppress the African slave trade. Helped create an atmosphere of compromise and forbearance in US-British relations. 1) Canada-Maine boundary settled. 2) British apologized for destruction of the Caroline. 3) British promised to avoid interference in freeing slaves. 4) Cooperation in patrolling the African coast to prevent slave-smuggling.

Question 176

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Answer 176

1854. Stephen Douglas' bill. Reopened the intense sectional controversy over the question of slavery in the territories. Missouri Compromise repealed. Outrage in the North. Popular sovereignty granted to both states. Corruption in influx of pro-south individuals to skew the results. Guerrilla warfare ensued.

Question 177

Rotation in Office

Answer 177

Andrew Jackson. 1) A man should serve a term in office then return to the status of private citizen. 2) Men who held office too long became corrupted by power. 3) Political appointments by newly elected officials promoted democracy.

Question 178

Quebec Act

Answer 178

Allowed the French residents of Quebec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of Parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party. Extended region of Quebec to the Ohio River. Established Roman Catholicism as the religion. Americans = not happy. Linked with the Coercive Act to become the Intolerable acts. 1774

Question 179

Reasons for Western European Expansion

Answer 179

Desire to break the monopoly of the Italian states on trade with Asia. Advances in navigational knowledge and ship design. Emergence of nation-states. Ideology of superiority for Europeans and inferiority for other peoples.

Question 180

Mercantilism

Answer 180

Goal= to limit foreign imports and to encourage a favorable balance of trade. The pursuit of economic power through national self-sufficiency.

Question 181

Marbury v. Madison

Answer 181

(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. Supreme court had power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

Question 182

Henry Clay

Answer 182

Ran for president but was not in the top three, but because he was Speaker of the House, he presided over the very chamber that had to pick the winner. He was in a position to throw the election to the candidate of his choice. He had much in common politically with Adams and so Clay supported him. "We prefer war to the putrescent pool of ignominious peace." during the War of 1812 "War Hawks" Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state.

Question 183

Era of Good Feelings

Answer 183

A name for President MONROE's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. Shattered by the Missouri Compromise. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

Question 184

1820-1850

Answer 184

Population surged from 9 mil to 23 mil.

Question 185

Ideal American Family in the 1820's

Answer 185

Home served as a refuge from the hostile world. Children = center. Separate spheres for men and women. Mother primarily responsible for raising children.

Question 186

American Colonization Society

Answer 186

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves. Antislavery. Advocated the forced shipment of freed slaves to Africa. Formed by Benjamin Lundy. Largely Christian ministers, believed slavery was morally wrong, but still extremely racist. Wanted no black men on American soil.

Question 187

Secret Six

Answer 187

Financial supporters of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859.

Question 188

Stamp Act Congress of 1765

Answer 188

The stamp Act Congress was an assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial unity.

Question 189

Popular Sovereignty

Answer 189

``` Lewis Cass originated the idea. Favorite policy of Democrats. Central in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Championed by Stephen Douglas. NOT successful in solving the impasse over status of slavery in territories. ``` Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

Question 190

Bacon's Rebellion

Answer 190

Led by Nathaniel Bacon. Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite. The rebellion was suppressed, but the tensions remained.

Question 191

Newburgh Conspiracy

Answer 191

The use of the Continental Army to create a more centralized Union of the States.

Question 192

Wilmot Proviso

Answer 192

Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced in 1846 by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmont, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.

Question 193

Whigs turned on President John Tyler because...??

Answer 193

He opposed their entire legislative program.

Question 194

Mexican War

Answer 194

American desire for Cali. Mexican failure to pay debts. US annexation of Texas. Disputed Texas border.

Question 195

Jamestown

Answer 195

The first permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company. Forty colonists perished in the initial voyage there. Once ashore settlers died form various diseases. Captain John Smith took over the town in 1608. Primary motive - economic gain.

Question 196

Ten Percent Plan

Answer 196

1863, when 10 percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the State could form a government and adopt a new constitution that banned slavery.

Question 197

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Answer 197

Barred slavery from the territories. Creation of the NW territory - first organized territory of the US. AKA Freedom Ordinance.

Question 198

Whig Party

Answer 198

An American political party formed in the 1830s to OPPOSE ANDREW JACKSON and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, NATIONAL BANKING, and federal aid for internal improvements. - opposed tyranny - promoted rapid economic and industrial growth - proposed prohibition - created public schools and colleges "Opposition to the monarchy". The Whigs first emerged as a identifiable group in the Senate where Clay, Webster and Calhoun joined forces in 1834 to pass a motion censuring Jackson for his single-handed removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. The Whigs evolved into a potent national political force by attracting other groups alienated by Jackson. Whigs thought of themselves as conservatives, yet they were progressive in their support of active government programs and reforms.

Question 199

Thomas Paine

Answer 199

Radical author. Wrote the pamphlet Common Sense. , which turned people towards the American Revolution. He began his incendiary tract with a treatise on the nature of government and eloquently anticipated Thomas Jefferson's declaration that the only lawful states were those that derive "their just powers from the consent of the governed." "These are the times that try men's souls." Denounced monarchy.

Question 200

Benjamin Franklin

Answer 200

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. Often called "the first civilized American". He was best known to his contemporaries for Poor Richard's Almanack which he edited from 1732 or 1758. Ben Franklin was perhaps the only first-rank scientist produced in the American colonies. Franklin's spectacular but dangerous experiments, including the famous kite-flying episode proving that lighting was a form of electricity, won him numerous honors in Europe. Among his numerous inventions were bifocal spectacles and the highly efficient Franklin stove. "We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately."

Question 201

Battle of Antietam

Answer 201

(1862) a Union victory in the Civil War that marked the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. military history. September 1862, Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the "victory" he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Question 202

Francis Willard

Answer 202

American educator, temperance reformer, and suffragist. | Influenced the passing of the 18th and 19th amendments.

Question 203

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Answer 203

Ended the Mexican-American War in 1848, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million. Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts.

Question 204

Battle of San Jacinto

Answer 204

(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas.

Question 205

Grimke Sisters

Answer 205

19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights and civil rights. South Carolina.

Question 206

King Cotton

Answer 206

Slogan used by the southerners to support succession.

Question 207

Antebellum

Answer 207

Before the Civil War. | Minstrel shows were popular then.

Question 208

Slave states that did NOT secede

Answer 208

Border states: Kentucky, Delaware, Missouri, and Maryland. Think, "Miss Mary Kendel."

Question 209

Pueblo Revolt (Popé's Rebellion)

Answer 209

1680 - Uprising of the Pueblo people against the Spaniards. Caused in part by famine and also Spaniard intolerance of the native religion. Catholic mission became the became the central institution in colonial New Mexico until the missionaries' efforts to suppress native religious customs provoked and Indian uprising called Pope's Rebellion in 1680. The Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed a score of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers. In a reversal of Cortes's treatment of Aztec temples, more than a century earlier, the Indians rebuilt a kiva, or ceremonial religious chamber, on the ruins of the Spanish plaza at Santa Fe.

Question 210

Hopewell Indians

Answer 210

Built burial mounds to worship their dead. Hunters and farmers. The second group of Indians that settled in Michigan; also called the Moundbuilders.

Question 211

Major Civil War Battles

Answer 211

Bull Run - Confederate victory. First major battle. July 1861 Battle of Shiloh - Union victory. Under Grant. Bloodiest. Chancellorsville - Confederate victory. Stonewall Jackson accidentally shot. Added to rising hope in the South. Gettysburg - Union victory. Longest battle of the war (3 days) Fall of Atlanta - Sherman took Atlanta. Sherman's Burning - Destruction north through until Savannah, GA and planned to continue on to VA. Appomattox - Lee surrenders to Grant at the Courthouse. April 1865

Question 212

Custer's Last Stand

Answer 212

Great Sioux War of 1876. Overwhelming defeat for the 7th Cavalry. Battle of Little Bighorn against the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes.

Question 213

Senate must ratify treaties...

Answer 213

...after negotiation by the president.

Question 214

Native American Population in 1492

Answer 214

80-100 million. | 1700's population Doubled every 25 years.

Question 215

William Bradford

Answer 215

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Question 216

Yorktown

Answer 216

(1781) British general Cornwallis surrenders here to American and French forces; initiates the Treaty of Paris, 1783: recognition of American Independence and gives Americans control of western territory.

Question 217

Shot heard around the world.

Answer 217

Phrase given to the shots fired at Lexington and Concord, MA, the first battles between the colonial minutemen and the British in the Revolutionary War

Question 218

First Bank of US

Answer 218

1791 by Hamilton. had power to issue notes, make loans and had profits. However, did not survive. Joint private-public.

Question 219

Patroons

Answer 219

Wealthy landowners in the New Netherlands who got large estates by bringing 50 settlers.

Question 220

Habeus Corpus

Answer 220

Cannot hold a prisoner without just cause. ONLY Congress can suspend.

Question 221

Great Compromise

Answer 221

Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College. Bicameral. ROGER SHERMAN

Question 222

Judiciary Act

Answer 222

1789 - 6 judge Supreme Court - 13 district courts - 3 circuit courts - office of attorney general - Supreme Court gets power to review state laws when in conflict with federal statues.

Question 223

Salutatory Neglect

Answer 223

A hands-off policy of England toward its American colonies during the first half of the 1700's. Did not enforce the Navigation Acts.

Question 224

Navigation Acts

Answer 224

YOU WILL ONLY TRADE WITH ENGLAND. 1651 Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. Series of laws passed , beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England. Those laws reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the seventeenth century.

Question 225

Proclamation of 1763

Answer 225

Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising NO SETTLING WEST OF THE APPALACHIANS. Come back home if you're already there.

Question 226

McGuffy Readers

Answer 226

Series of 4 readers emphasized spelling, vocab, and public speaking. 1836-1870 these were used by schools to expose children to a common curriculum that preached honesty, industry (hard work), and patriotism.

Question 227

Immigrants

Answer 227

Germans in the rural Midwest. | Irish in East Coast cities.

Question 228

Dorothea Dix

Answer 228

American activist on behalf of the mentally insane. Helped create first asylums. Superintendent of the Army nurses during the Civil War.

Question 229

Noah Webster

Answer 229

A Yale-educated Connecticut Yankee who was known as the "Schoolmaster of the Republic." His "reading lessons," used by millions of children in the nineteenth century, were partly designed to promote patriotism. Webster devoted many years to his famous dictionary, published in 1828, which helped to standardize the American language. Blue backed speller?

Question 230

Redeemers

Answer 230

White Democrats that reassumed political power in the South and exercised it ruthlessly. Blacks who tried to assert their rights faced unemployment, eviction, and physical harm. Sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags.

Question 231

Carpetbaggers

Answer 231

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states.

Question 232

Scalawags

Answer 232

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.

Question 233

Jacksonian Elections

Answer 233

Democratic and Republican parties came about. | 1828

Question 234

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

Answer 234

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.

Question 235

William Crawford

Answer 235

He was originally from Georgia. Crawford ran in the 1824 election representing the south. He was forced to drop out of the race because he had a stroke.

Question 236

Samuel Swartwout

Answer 236

Despite ample warnings of untrustworthiness, was awarded the lucrative post of collector of the customs of the port of New York. Nearly nine years later, he "Swartwouted out" for England, leaving his accountants more than a million dollars short-the first person to steal a million from the Washington government.

Question 237

Tariff of 1828 (of Abominations)

Answer 237

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the tariff, arguing that it hurt southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures.

Question 238

Denmark Vesey/ Stono Rebellion

Answer 238

Southerners were distressed by possible federal interference with the institution of slavery. Denmark Vesey, a free black man, led an aborted slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822.

Question 239

Tariff of 1832

Answer 239

It pared away the worst "abominations" of 1828, but it was still frankly protective and fell short of meeting southerners demands. Worse yet, to many southerners it had a disquieting air of permanence.

Question 240

Tariff of 1833

Answer 240

Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels.

Question 241

The Force Bill

Answer 241

Passed by Congress alongside the Compromise Tariff, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties.

Question 242

Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians

Answer 242

it was founded in 1787 as a means for civilizing and christianizing the Indians. Many denominations sent missionaries to Indian villages.

Question 243

Five Civilized Tribes

Answer 243

Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles sided with the Confederacy. They were called civilized because they fought to keep slaves and they supplied the South with troops.

Question 244

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Answer 244

Ordered the removal of Indian tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

Question 245

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Answer 245

Government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans, to manage the Indian removal.

Question 246

Trail of Tears

Answer 246

Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.

Question 247

Seminole War

Answer 247

In Florida the Seminole Indians, joined by runaway black slaves, retreated to the swampy Everglades. For seven years, they waged a bitter guerrilla war that took the lives of some fifteen hundred soldiers. The spirit of the Seminole war was broken in 1837, when the American field commander treacherously seized their leader, Osceola, under a flag truce.

Question 248

Bank War of 1832

Answer 248

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the bank bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interest at the expense of western farmers.

Question 249

Anti-Masonic Party

Answer 249

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons apposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Question 250

Biddle's Panic

Answer 250

Jackson proposed depositing no more funds with Biddle and gradually shrinking the existing deposits by using them to defray the day-to-day expenses of the government. By slowly siphoning off the government's funds, he would bleed the bank dry and ensure it's demise. A desperate Biddle called in his bank's loans, evidently hoping to illustrate the bank's importance by producing a minor financial crisis. "Biddle's Panic".

Question 251

Divorce Bill

Answer 251

Convinced that some of the financial fever was fed by the injection of federal funds into private banks, Van Buren championed the principle of "divorcing" the government form banking altogether. By establishing a so-called independent treasury, the government could lock its surplus money in vaults in several of the larger cities. Government funds would thus be safe, but they would also be denied to the banking system as reserves, thereby shriveling available credit resources.

Question 252

Independent Treasury Bill of 1840

Answer 252

It allowed for the Divorce Bill to be passed even though it was unpopular, and the Whigs repealed it the following year.

Question 253

Stephen Austin

Answer 253

He was given a huge tract of land with the understanding that he would bring into Texas three hundred American families.

Question 254

Sam Houston

Answer 254

After a promising career in Tennessee as a soldier, lawyer, congressman, and governor, Houston became the chief leader and hero of the Texas rebels. Elected to the U.S. Senate and the governorship of Texas, he was forced into retirement when his love for the Union caused him to spurn the Confederacy in the Civil War.

Question 255

Santa Anna

Answer 255

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and failed to do so.

Question 256

The Alamo

Answer 256

Fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence.

Question 257

Goliad

Answer 257

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The Incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.

Question 258

Ohio idea

Answer 258

Presented by poorer midwestern delegates and called for redemption in greenbacks. Created in a response to wealthy eastern delegates who demanded a plank promising that federal war bonds be redeemed in gold.

Question 259

"Jubilee Jim" Fisk and Jay Gould

Answer 259

Notorious millionaire partners. Fisk provided the "brass" while the undersized and cunning Gould provided the brains. The pair concocted a plot in 1869 to corner the gold market. Their slippery game would work only if the federal Treasury refrained from selling gold. Their plan was foiled on Black Friday when the price of gold plunged.

Question 260

Black Friday

Answer 260

September 24, 1869 when the Treasury was compelled to release gold. The price of gold plunged, and scores of honest businesspeople were driven to the wall. Grant had acted stupidly and indiscreetly.

Question 261

Boss Tweed

Answer 261

Employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk the metropolis of as much as $200 million. Tweed's luck finally ran out. The New York Times secured evidence in 1871 and courageously published it, though offered $5 million not to.

Question 262

Credit Mobilier Scandal

Answer 262

A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Credit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue.

Question 263

Whiskey Ring

Answer 263

1874-1875. The whiskey ring robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues.

Question 264

William Belknap

Answer 264

Secretary of War who was forced to resign after pocketing bribes from suppliers to the Indian reservations. Grant accepted Belknap's resignation "with great regret."

Question 265

Liberal Republican Party

Answer 265

Created by reform-minded citizens. Voicing the slogan "Turn the rascals out," they urged purification of the Washington administration as well as an end to military Reconstruction.

Question 266

Horace Greeley

Answer 266

Nominated by the Liberal Republicans. Although Greeley was the fearless editor of the New York Tribune, he was dogmatic, emotional, petulant, and notoriously unsound in his political judgements. The Democrats then foolishly proceeded to endorse Greeley's candidacy. Ran against Ulysses S Grant in 1872

Question 267

Resumption Act of 1875

Answer 267

Pledged the government to the further withdrawal of greenbacks from circulation and to the redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value, beginning in 1879.

Question 268

Contraction

Answer 268

Probably worsened the impact of the depression. But the new policy did restore the government's credit rating, and it brought the embattled greenbacks up to their full face value.

Question 269

Samuel J. Tilden

Answer 269

Democratic nominee running against Hayes who had risen to fame as the man who bagged Boss Tweed in New York. Tilden racked up 184 electoral votes of the needed 185.

Question 270

Compromise of 187

Answer 270

The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, Democratic-dominated electoral politics.

Question 271

Electoral Count Act of 1877

Answer 271

Congress passed this early in 1877. It set up an electoral commission consisting of fifteen men selected from the Senate, the House, and the Supreme Court.

Question 272

Civil Rights cases decision

Answer 272

The court declared that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited only government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals. When President Hayes withdrew the blue-clad federal troops that were propping up reconstruction governments, the bayonet-backed Republican regimes collapsed.

Question 273

Crop Lien System

Answer 273

Storekeepers extended credit to small farmers for food and supplies and in return took a lien on their harvests. Shrewd merchants manipulated the system so that farmers remained perpetually in debt to them.

Question 274

Jim Crowe Laws

Answer 274

System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.

Question 275

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 275

An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.

Question 276

The Great Railroad Strike

Answer 276

President Hayes's decision to call in federal troops to quell the unrest brought the striking laborers an outpouring of working-class support. Work stoppage spread like wildfire in cities from Baltimore to St. Louis. When the battling between workers and soldiers ended after several weeks, over one hundred people were dead.

Question 277

Denis Kearney

Answer 277

Irish-born demagogue that incited his followers to violent abuse of the hapless Chinese. The Kearneyites hotly resented the competition of cheap labor from the still more recently arrived Chinese. They terrorized the Chinese by shearing off their precious pigtails.

Question 278

Chinese Exclusive Act of 1882

Answer 278

Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history.

Question 279

James A. Garfield

Answer 279

Republican candidate from the electorally powerful state of Ohio. He barely got a victory over the Democratic candidate and Civil War hero, Winfield Scott Hancock. President in 1881, assassinated four months into presidency

Question 280

Chester A. Arthur

Answer 280

The Vice-president to James A. Garfield who was a notorious Stalwart henchman from New York.

Question 281

Winfield Scott Hancock

Answer 281

Democratic candidate that lost to James A. Garfield by only 39,213 but he had a higher margin in the electoral column.

Question 282

Charles J. Guiteau

Answer 282

Shot president Garfield in the back in a Washington railroad station. Guiteau's attorneys argued that he was not guilty because of his incapacity to distinguish right from wrong-and early instance in the insanity case.

Question 283

Depression of 1893

Answer 283

Lasting for about four years, it was the most punishing economic downturn of the nineteenth century. Contributing causes were the splurge of overbuilding and speculation, labor disorders, and the ongoing agricultural depression. Free-silver agitation had also damaged American credit abroad, and the usual pinch on American finances had come when European banking houses began to call in loans from the United States.

Question 284

JP Morgan

Answer 284

"The bankers banker" and the head of a Wall Street syndicate. After tense negotiations at the White House, the bankers agreed to lend the government $65 million in gold. They were obviously in business for profit, so they charged a commission amounting to about $7 million.

Question 285

George B. McClellan

Answer 285

General who was given command of the Army of the Potomac. A brilliant, thirty-four year old West Pointer. He was a superb organizer and drillmaster, and he injected splendid morale into the Army of the Potomac. He consistently believed that the enemy outnumbered him. He was overcautious and he addressed the president in an arrogant tone. He fought against General Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days' Battle.

Question 286

Army of the Potomac

Answer 286

The Union Army first commanded by General George B. McClellan.

Question 287

Robert E. Lee

Answer 287

General for the confederate army. He fought George B. McClellan in the Seven Days' Battle. He slowly drove McClellan back into the sea, winning the Seven Days' Battle.

Question 288

The Peninsula Campaign

Answer 288

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time.

Question 289

The Seven Days' Battle

Answer 289

Battle from June 26-July 2, 1862. Confederate General Robert E. Lee slowly drove McClellan and his Union army back into the sea. Then the Union forces had to abandon the Peninsula Campaign and Lincoln temporarily abandoned McClellan as a commander of the Army of the Potomac.

Question 290

Total War

Answer 290

Union strategy. Northern strategists at first believed that the rebellion could be snuffed out quickly by a swift, crushing blow. But the stiffness of the Southern resistance to the Union's early probes, and the North's inability to strike with sufficient speed and severity, revealed that the conflict would be a war of attribution, long and bloody.

Question 291

The Merrimack

Answer 291

Confederate ship plated on the sides with old iron railroad rails. It's success against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. It fought The Monitor in a historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862. A few months after the historic battle, the Confederates destroyed the Merrimack to keep it from the grasp of advancing Union troops.

Question 292

The Monitor

Answer 292

A tiny Union ironclad built in about one hundred days. It's successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequential battle in 1862.

Question 293

A.E. Burnsides

Answer 293

Replaced McClellan after Antietam. He proved his unfitness for this responsibility when he launched a rash frontal attack on Lee's strong position at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on December 13, 1862. More than ten thousand Northern soldiers were killed or wounded in "Burnside's Slaughter Pen."

Question 294

John Pope

Answer 294

He boasted that in the western theater of war he had seen only the backs of the enemy. He was furiously attacked and defeated by Robert E. Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run.

Question 295

Second Battle of Bull Run

Answer 295

August 1862, Civil War battle that ended in a decisive victory for Confederate General Robert E. Lee, who was emboldened to push further into the North.

Question 296

Confiscation Act

Answer 296

Declared that all rebel property used in war, including slaves, could be confiscated and declared that confiscated slaves were free forever.

Question 297

George G. Meade

Answer 297

Beat the Confederate army at the Battle Of Gettysburg. The loss finally broke the back of the Confederate cause.

Question 298

Battle of Gettysburg

Answer 298

Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North. Site of General George Pickett's daring but doomed charge on the Northern Lines.

Question 299

William Tecumseh Sherman

Answer 299

Union general who captured Atlanta in September 1864 and burned the city in November of that year. One of the major purposes of Sherman's March was to destroy supplies destined for the Confederate army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front by waging war on their homes.

Question 300

Copperheads

Answer 300

Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft and, after 1863, emancipation.

Question 301

Union Party

Answer 301

A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats.

Question 302

Assault on Cold Harbor

Answer 302

Grant attacked Cold Harbor in June 3, 1864. The Union soldier advanced to almost certain death with papers pinned on their backs bearing their names and addresses.

Question 303

Appomattox Courthouse

Answer 303

Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign."

Question 304

Fort Sumter

Answer 304

South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort.

Question 305

The Trent

Answer 305

Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats onboard.

Question 306

The Alabama

Answer 306

British-built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil War. One of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests.

Question 307

Laird Rams

Answer 307

Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with the United States, the British government purchased the two ships for its Royal Navy instead.

Question 308

Morrill Tariff Act

Answer 308

Increased duties back up to 1864 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.

Question 309

National Banking System

Answer 309

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.

Question 310

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

Answer 310

America's first female physician who helped organize the U.S Sanitary Commission to assist the Union armies in the field. The commission trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals. Commission work helped many women to acquire the organizational skills and the self-confidence that would propel the women's movement forward after the war.

Question 311

Clara Barton

Answer 311

A superintendent of nurses for the Union army who helped transform nursing from a lowly service into a respected profession- and in the process opened up another major sphere of employment for women in the postwar era.

Question 312

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Answer 312

Publisher of the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. She was determined to awaken the North to the wickedness of slavery by laying bare its terrible inhumanity, especially the cruel splitting of families. She had never actually witnessed slavery first hand, but she had seen it briefly during a visit to Kentucky.

Question 313

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Answer 313

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

Question 314

The Impending Crisis of the South

Answer 314

Antislavery tract, written by white Southerner Hinton R. Helper, arguing that nonslaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy.

Question 315

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Answer 315

Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.

Question 316

John Brown

Answer 316

He and his five sons were strongly opposed to slavery. He was hung after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. He wanted to capture the armory and provide weapons to the slaves and to lead them in revolt.

Question 317

Lecompton Constitution

Answer 317

Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire Constitution be put up for a vote.

Question 318

Manifest Destiny

Answer 318

Belief that the Untied States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth century expansionism.

Question 319

Oregon Trail

Answer 319

The path that the large number of Americans traveling to Oregon took in their covered wagons. The trail is over two thousands miles and more and more American settlers continued down it to Oregon.

Question 320

The Creole

Answer 320

American ship captured by a group of rebelling Virginia slaves. The slaves successfully sought asylum in the Bahamas, raising fears among southern planters that the British West Indies would become a safe haven for runaway slaves.

Question 321

Charles Sumner

Answer 321

He was a leading abolitionist. He delivered a blistering speech titled "The Crime Against Kansas." Sparing few epithets, he condemned the pro slavery men. He also referred insultingly to South Carolina and to its white-haired senator Andrew Butler, one of the best liked members of the Senate.

Question 322

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Answer 322

Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Douglas won the election but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination.

Question 323

Confederate States of America

Answer 323

Government established after seven southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the Upper South.

Question 324

Jefferson Davis

Answer 324

President of the Confederacy. Faced with grave difficulties, he was probably as able a man for the position as the Confederacy could have chosen. Ironically, Davis and Lincoln had both sprung from the same Kentucky soil. The Davis family had moved south from Kentucky, the Lincoln family north.

Question 325

John Jordan Crittenden

Answer 325

He thought up and proposed the Crittenden Amendments designed to appease the SOuth. These amendments were rejected by Lincoln and all hope of compromise was evaporated.

Question 326

Crittenden Amendment

Answer 326

Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of the 36º30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty.

Question 327

General Lewis Cass

Answer 327

A veteran of the War of 1812. Turned to by the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore. He was the reputed father of popular sovereignty.

Question 328

Aroostook War

Answer 328

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.

Question 329

Preston Brooks

Answer 329

Resented the insults that Sumner threw at his state and to its senator. His code of honor called for a duel, but in the South one fought only with one's social equals. On May 22, 1856, he approached Sumner, then sitting at his senate desk, and pounded the orator with an eleven ounce cane until it broke. The victim fell bleeding and unconscious to the floor, while several nearby senators refrained from interfering.

Question 330

Underground Railroad

Answer 330

Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada. Seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North, Southern planters and congressmen pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law.

Question 331

Harriet Tubman

Answer 331

She rescued more than three hundred slaves, including her aged parents, and earned the title "Moses." She was one of the most amazing of the conductors of the underground railroad.

Question 332

William H. Steward

Answer 332

The able spokesman for many of the younger northern radicals. He seemed not to realize that compromise had brought the Union together and that when the sections could no longer compromise, they would have to part company.

Question 333

Justice Roger B. Taney

Answer 333

Chief Justice from the slave state of Maryland. Passed the judgement on slavery in the case of Dred Scott vs. Stanford. His thunderclap rocked the free-soilers back on their heels.

Question 334

Second Era of Good Feelings

Answer 334

The ailing Clay himself delivered more than seventy speeches, as a powerful sentiment for acceptance gradually crystallized in the North. It was strengthened by a growing spirit of goodwill, which sprang partly from a feeling of relief and partly from an upsurge of prosperity enriched by California gold.

Question 335

Fugitive Slave Law

Answer 335

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and it compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

Question 336

Lord Ashburn

Answer 336

The conciliatory financier in Washington. The Maine wants were sent to him. He had married a wealthy American woman. He speedily established cordial relations with Secretary Webster, who had recently been lionized during a visit to Britain. They finally came to a compromise on the Maine boundary

Question 337

William Walker

Answer 337

He installed himself as President in July 1856 and promptly legalized slavery. But a coalition of Central American nations formed an alliance to overthrow him. His destiny was to crumple before a Honduran firing squad in 1860.

Question 338

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Answer 338

Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. Later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the United States control of the Panama canal.

Question 339

Black Warrior

Answer 339

American steamer seized by the Spanish officials in Cuba in 1854 on a technicality. This was taken as an opportunity for President Pierce to provoke a war with Spain and seize Cuba.

Question 340

The Caroline

Answer 340

Diplomatic row between the United States and Britain. Developed after British troops set fire to an American steamer carrying supplies across the Niagara River to Canadian insurgents, during Canada's short-lived insurrection.

Question 341

Gadsen Purchase

Answer 341

Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

Question 342

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Answer 342

Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglas in an effort to bring Nebraska into the union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.

Question 343

Republican Party

Answer 343

Offspring of the Kansas-Nebraska blunder. It sprang up as a mighty moral protest against the gains of slavery. It soon included disgruntled Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, and other foes of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The new republican party would not be allowed south of the Mason-Dixon line.

Question 344

Tariff of 1842

Answer 344

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates.

Question 345

John Slidell

Answer 345

He was dispatched to Mexico City by Polk as a minister late in 1845. The new envoy, among other alternatives, was instructed to offer a maximum of $25 million for California and territory to the east. But the Mexican people did not even allow Slidell to present his offer.

Question 346

Theodore Dwight Weld

Answer 346

He had been evangelized by Charles Grandison Finney in New York's Burned-Over District in the 1820s. Self-educated and simple in manner and speech, Weld appealed with special power and directness to his rural audiences of untutored farmers. Weld and his fellow "Lane Rebels" fanned out across the Old Northwest preaching the antislavery gospel. Weld also assembled a pamphlet, American Slavery As It Is.

Question 347

Republic of Liberia

Answer 347

West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s. Some fifteen thousand freed blacks were transported there over the next four decades.

Question 348

John C. Freemont

Answer 348

When war broke out he "just happened" to be there with several dozen well-armed men. In helping to overthrow Mexican rule in 1846, he collaborated with American naval officers and with the local Americans, who had hoisted the banner of the short-lived California Bear Flag Republic.

Question 349

Stephen W. Kearney

Answer 349

In 1846 he led a detachment of seventeen hundred troops over the famous Santa Fe Trail from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe. This outpost was easily captured. But before Kearney could reach California, the fertile province was won.

Question 350

Winfield Scott

Answer 350

A handsome giant of a man, Scott had emerged as a hero from the War of 1812 and had later earned the nickname "Old Fuss and Feathers" because of his resplendent uniforms and strict discipline. He was severely handicapped in the Mexican campaign by inadequate number of troops, by expiring enlistments, by a more numerous enemy, by mountainous terrain, by disease, and by political backbiting at home. Yet he succeeded in battling his way up to Mexico City.

Question 351

Wilmont Amendment

Answer 351

It stipulated that slavery should never exist in any of the territory to be wrested form Mexico.

Question 352

Oligarchy

Answer 352

A government by the few. Pre-civil war the south operated in this way; heavily influenced by a planter aristocracy.

Question 353

Denmark Vesey

Answer 353

A free black man who led a rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. Vesey and more than thirty followers were publicly strung from the gallows.

Question 354

Nat Turner

Answer 354

A visionary black preacher who led an uprising that slaughtered about sixty Virginians, mostly women and children. Reprisals were swift and bloody, and Nat Turner's rebellion was soon extinguished. 1831, bloodiest slave uprising in history.

Question 355

The Liberator

Answer 355

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.

Question 356

American Anti-Slavery Society

Answer 356

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 2500,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

Question 357

David Walker

Answer 357

Black abolitionist whose incendiary Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829) advocated a bloody end to white supremacy.

Question 358

Peter Cartwright

Answer 358

The best known of the "circuit riders" or traveling preachers. He called upon sinners to repent. He converted thousands of souls to the lord. Not only did he lash the devil with his tongue, but with his fists he knocked out rowdies who tried to break up his meetings.

Question 359

Martin Delaney

Answer 359

One of the few black leaders to take seriously the notion of the mass recolonization of Africa. In 1859 he visited West Africa's Niger Valley seeking a suitable site for recolonization.

Question 360

Frederick Douglass

Answer 360

"Discovered" by the abolitionists in 1841 when he gave a stunning impromptu speech at an antislavery meeting in Massachusetts. Then he lectured widely for the cause, despite frequent beatings and threats against his life. In 1845 he published his classic autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Douglass increasingly looked to politics to end the blight of slavery.

Question 361

Gag-Resolution

Answer 361

Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned by with the help of John Quincy Adams.

Question 362

Free-soilers

Answer 362

A growing number of northern people, including Lincoln, who opposed extending slavery to the Western territories. They did not outright oppose slavery. People of this stamp swelled their ranks as the Civil War approached.

Question 363

Diests

Answer 363

Diests relied on reason rather than revelation, on science rather than the Bible. They rejected the concept of original sin and denied Christ's divinity. Yet deists believed in a Supreme being who had created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.

Question 364

Unitarian faith

Answer 364

Believed that God existed in only one person, and not in the Orthodox trinity. They stressed the essential goodness of human nature rather than its vileness; they proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works; they pictured God not as a stern Creator but as a loving father.

Question 365

The Second Great Awakening

Answer 365

It was one of the most momentous episodes in the history of American religion. Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.

Question 366

Charles Grandison Finney

Answer 366

Greatest of the revival preachers. Trained to be a lawyer, then left and became an evangelist after a deeply moving conversion experience when he was young. He led massive revivals in Rochester and New York City in 1830 and 1831. He devised the "anxious bench" where sinners could sit in full view of the congregation, and he encouraged women to pray aloud in public. Denounced alcohol and slavery. Eventually served as President of Oberlin College in Ohio.

Question 367

Joseph Smith

Answer 367

Leader of the mormons. He and his brother were murdered and mangled by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, and the Mormon movement seemed near collapse.

Question 368

The Mormons

Answer 368

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated West and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah dessert.

Question 369

Brigham Young

Answer 369

Lead the Mormons after the death of their leader Joseph Smith. His community in the dessert became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He married as many as twenty-seven women and begot fifty-six children

Question 370

William H. McGuffey

Answer 370

A teacher-preacher of rare power. His grade-school readers,first published in the 1830s, sold 122 million copies in the following decades. McGuffey's Readers hammered home lasting lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.

Question 371

Emma Willard

Answer 371

In 1821 she established the Troy (New York) Female Seminary. Oberlin College, in Ohio, jolted traditionalists in 1837 when it opened its doors to women as well as men.

Question 372

Mary Lyon

Answer 372

She established an outstanding women's school, Mount Holyoke Seminary (later College), in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Mossback critics scoffed that "they'll be educatin' cows next."

Question 373

Lyceum lecture association

Answer 373

(From the Greek name for the ancient Athenian school where Aristotle taught). Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century.

Question 374

American Peace Society

Answer 374

Formed in 1828. It was formed with a ringing declaration of war on war. A leading spirit was William Ladd, who orated that when his legs were so badly ulcerated that he had to sit on a stool. It was making promising progress by mid-century.

Question 375

American Temperance Society

Answer 375

Founded in Boston in 1826as part of a growing effort of nineteenth century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

Question 376

Pendleton Act of 1883

Answer 376

Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reigning in the spoils system.

Question 377

Populists

Answer 377

People's party. Rooted in the Farmers' Alliance of frustrated farmers in the great agricultural belts of the West and South, the Populists met in Omaha and adopted a scorching platform that denounced "the prolific womb of governmental injustice." They demanded inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver at the rate of sixteen ounces of silver to one ounce of gold. They further called for graduate income tax; government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone; the direct election of U.S. senators; a one term limit on the presidency; the adoption of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens to shape legislation more directly; a shorter workday; and immigration restriction.

Question 378

Benjamin Harrison

Answer 378

Republicans turned to Harrison when the Democrats decided to renominate Cleveland. The tariff was the prime issue. On election day, Harrison was able to beat out Cleveland.

Question 379

Grover Cleveland

Answer 379

A reformer whom the Democrats turned to. He was a solid but not brilliant lawyer of forty-seven. "Grover the Good." Resolute Republicans unearthed the report that he had been involved in an amorous affair with a Buffalo widow. She had an illegitimate son for whom Cleveland had made financial provisions. Democratic elders were demoralized. He did become president.

Question 380

Homestead Strike

Answer 380

A strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, P.A., that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed "Pinkerton" detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops, which killed ten people and wounded more than sixty. The strike was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 that helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers.

Question 381

James B. Weaver

Answer 381

Populist nominee. He got enough votes the become one of the few third parties in U.S. history to break into the electoral column.

Question 382

Thomas B. Reed

Answer 382

The new Republican speaker of the House who served as speaker for six years. Renowned as a master debater. By such tactics Reed utterly dominated the "Billion-Dollar" Congress-the first in history to appropriate that sum.

Question 383

McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

Answer 383

The tariff brought new woes to farmers. Debt-burdened farmers had no choice but to buy manufactured goods from high-priced protected American industrialists, but were compelled to sell their own agricultural products into highly competitive, unprotected world markets. Mounting discontent against the McKinley tariff caused many rural voters to rise in wrath.

Question 384

Maine Law of 1851

Answer 384

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

Question 385

Lucretia Mott

Answer 385

A sprightly Quaker whose ire had been aroused when she and her fellow female delegates to the London anti slavery convention of 1840 were not recognized.

Question 386

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 386

A mother of seven who had insisted on leaving "obey" out of her marriage ceremony, shocked fellow feminists by going so far as to advocate suffrage for women.

Question 387

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 387

A militant lecturer for women's rights, who fearlessly exposed herself to rotten garbage and vulgar epithets. She became such a conspicuous advocate of female rights that progressive women everywhere were called "Suzy Bs."

Question 388

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 388

Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal."

Question 389

Robert Owen

Answer 389

Sought human betterment. A wealthy and idealistic Scottish textile manufacturer who founded in 1825 a communal society of about a thousand people at New Harmony, Indiana.

Question 390

Brook Farm

Answer 390

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846.

Question 391

Oneida Community

Answer 391

One of the more radical Utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love", birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.

Question 392

Matthew Maury

Answer 392

An oceanographer who wrote on winds and ocean currents. He promoted safety, speed, and economy.

Question 393

Benjamin Silliman

Answer 393

The most influential American scientist of the first half of the nineteenth century. A pioneer chemist and geologist who taught and wrote brilliantly at Yale College for more than fifty years.

Question 394

Louis Agassiz

Answer 394

A distinguished French Swiss immigrant, who served for a quarter of a century and Harvard College. A pathbreaking student of biology who sometimes carried snakes in his pockets, he insisted on original research and deplored the reigning overemphasis on memory work.

Question 395

Asa Gray Of Harvard College.

Answer 395

The Columbus of American botany who published over 350 books, monographs, and papers. His textbooks set new standards for clarity and interest.

Question 396

John Audubon

Answer 396

French descended naturalist who painted wildfowl in their natural habit. His magnificently illustrated Birds of America attained considerable popularity. The Audubon Society for the protection of birds was named after him, although as a young man he shot much feathered game for sport.

Question 397

Sylvester Graham

Answer 397

Provided the diet of whole wheat bread and crackers. This became a popular diet amongst American people.

Question 398

Gilbert Stuart

Answer 398

A spendthrift Rhode Islander and one of the most gifted of the early group, wielded his brush in Britain in competition with the best artists. He produced several portraits of Washington, all of them somewhat idealized and dehumanized.

Question 399

Charles Wilson Peale

Answer 399

A Marylander, he painted some sixty portraits of Washington, who patiently sat for about fourteen of them.

Question 400

John Trumbull

Answer 400

He fought in the Revolutionary War and then later went to paint and recapture scenes and the spirit of the war on his canvas. He was famous for his historical paintings including his Declaration of Independence.

Question 401

Hudson River School

Answer 401

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Question 402

Daguerreotype

Answer 402

A crude photograph which was perfected about 1839 by a Frenchman, Louis Daguerre.

Question 403

Knickerbocker group

Answer 403

A group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes. Europeans.

Question 404

Washington Irving

Answer 404

He was the first American to win international recognition as a literary figure. He published in 1809 his Knickerbocker's History of New York. The Sketch Book brought him immense fame at home and abroad. Combining a pleasant style with delicate charm and quiet humor, he used English as well as American themes. He surprised many

Question 405

William Cullen Bryant

Answer 405

Puritan transplanted from Massachusetts. At age sixteen he wrote the meditative and melancholy "Thanatopsis" which was one of the first high quality poems produced in the United States.

Question 406

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Answer 406

Trained as a Unitarian minister, he early forsook his pulpit and ultimately reached a wider audience by pen and platform. He was a never failing favorite as a lyceum lecturer and for twenty years took a western tour every winter. "The American Scholar." He was more influential as a practical philosopher and through his fresh and vibrant essays enriched countless thousands of humdrum lives. He wrote the popular lecture-essay "Self Reliance" which struck a deeply responsive chord.

Question 407

Henry David Thoreau

Answer 407

Emerson's close associate. A poet, a mystic, a transcendentalist, and non-conformist. Condemning a government that supported slavery, he refused to pay his Massachusetts poll tax and was jailed for a night. He wrote Walden: Or Life in the Woods. The book is a record of the two years he spent in a hut in simple existence.

Question 408

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Answer 408

One of the most popular poets ever produced in America. Writing for the genteel classes, he was adopted by the less cultured masses. His wide knowledge of European literature supplied him with many themes, but some of his most admired poems were based on American tradition. Only American poet ever to be honored with a bust in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.

Question 409

John Greenleaf Whittier

Answer 409

The uncrowned poet laureate of the antislavery crusade. Less talented as a writer than Longfellow, he was vastly more important in influencing social action. Whittier helped arouse a callous America on the slavery issue. Very moving and conscience driven.

Question 410

James Russell Lowell

Answer 410

Ranks as one of America's better poets. Lowell is remembered as a political satirist in his Biglow Papers, especially those of 1846 dealing with the Mexican War. The Papers condemned the blistering terms the alleged slavery-expansion designs of the Polk administration.

Question 411

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

Answer 411

Taught anatomy at Harvard. Poet, essayist, novelist, lecturer, and wit. He shone among a group of literary lights who regarded Boston as "the hub of the universe."

Question 412

Louisa May Alcott

Answer 412

Her philosopher father occupied himself more devotedly to ideas rather than earning a living, leaving his daughter to write Little Women and other books to support her mother and sisters.

Question 413

Emily Dickenson

Answer 413

Poetry. In deceptively spare language and simple rhyme schemes, she explored universal themes of nature, love, death, and immortality. Although she refused during her life to publish any of her poems, when she died, nearly two thousand of them were found and made into print.

Question 414

William Gilmore Simms

Answer 414

Southerner. Eighty two books were written. His themes dealt with the southern frontier in colonial days and with the South during the Revolutionary War. He was neglected by his own section.

Question 415

Edgar Allan Poe

Answer 415

He suffered hunger, cold, poverty, and debt. Failing at suicide, he took refuge in the bottle and dissipated his talents early. Poe was a gifted lyric poet. A master stylist, he also excelled in the short story, especially of the horror type, in which he shared his alcoholic nightmares with fascinated readers. He reflected a morbid sensibility.

Question 416

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Answer 416

He grew up in an atmosphere heavy with the memories of his Puritan forebears and the tragedy of his father's death on an ocean voyage. His masterpiece was The Scarlett Letter which describes the Puritan practice of forcing and adultress to wear a Scarlett A on her clothing.

Question 417

Herman Melville

Answer 417

Jumping ship in the South Seas, he lived among cannibals, from whom he providently escaped uneaten. His fresh and charming tales of the south seas were immediately popular but his masterpiece Moby Dick was not popular until much later.

Question 418

George Bancroft

Answer 418

A secretary of the navy who helped found the Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1845, he deservedly received the title "Father of American History." He published a spirited, superpatriotic history of the United States in 1789 in six volumes, a work that grew out of his vast researches in dusty archives in Europe and America.

Question 419

William H. Prescott

Answer 419

Lost the sight of an eye while in college, he conserved his remaining weak vision and published classic accounts of the conquest of Mexico and Peru.

Question 420

Francis Parkman

Answer 420

He wrote in darkness with the aid of a guiding machine, and he penned a brilliant series of volumes beginning in 1851. In epic style he chronicled the struggle between France and Britain in colonial times for the mastery of North America.

Question 421

Rendezvous System

Answer 421

The principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts.

Question 422

Ecological Imperialism

Answer 422

Historians' term for the spoliation of Western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Question 423

George Caitlin

Answer 423

A painter and student of Native American life who was among the first Americans to advocate the preservation of nature as a deliberate national policy. In 1832 he observed Sioux Indians in South Dakota recklessly slaughtering buffalo in order to trade the animals' tongues for the white man's whiskey. Appalled at this spectacle and fearing for the preservation of Indians and buffalo alike, Caitlin proposed the creation of a national park.

Question 424

Molly Maguires

Answer 424

Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

Question 425

Samuel Slater

Answer 425

A skilled British mechanic of twenty-one, he was attracted by bounties being offered to British workers familiar with the textile machines. After memorizing the plans for the machinery, he escaped in disguise to America, where he won the backing of Moses Brown, a Quaker capitalist in Rhode Island. He put into operation in 1791 the first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread.

Question 426

Factory System

Answer 426

A group of British inventors, beginning about 1750, perfected a series of machines for the mass production of textiles. This harnessing of steam multiplied the power of human muscles some ten-thousandfold and ushered in the modern factory system-and with it, the so called Industrial Revolution. The factory system gradually spread from Britain to "other lands."

Question 427

Industrial Revolution

Answer 427

The shift from the farming methods being done by each household to people producing things in factories. Change in technology, which brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power.

Question 428

Eli Whitney

Answer 428

He graduated from Yale and then journeyed to Georgia to serve as a private tutor while preparing for the law. There he was told that the poverty of the South would be relieved if someone could only invent a workable device for separating the seed from the short-staple cotton fiber. Within ten days, in 1793, he built a crude machine called the cotton gin that was fifty times more affective than the handpicking process.

Question 429

Elias Howe

Answer 429

Invented the sewing machine in 1846 and it was perfected by Isaac Singer. It gave another strong boost to northern industrialization.

Question 430

Isaac Singer

Answer 430

Perfected the sewing machine. The sewing machine became the foundation of the ready-made clothing industry, which took root about the time of the Civil War. It drove many a seamstress from the shelter of the private home to the factory, where, like a human robot, she tended the clattering mechanisms.

Question 431

Samuel Morse

Answer 431

He invented the telegraph which was among the inventions that tightened the sinews of an increasingly complex business world. A distinguished but poverty-stricken portrait painter, Morse finally secured from Congress, to the accompaniment of the usual jeers, an appropriation of $30,000 to support his experiment with "talking wires." In 1844 Morse strung a wire forty miles from Washington to Baltimore and tapped out the historic message, "What hath God wrought?" The invention brought fame a fortune to Morse, as he put distantly separated people in almost instant communication with one another.

Question 432

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Answer 432

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.

Question 433

Cult of Domesticity

Answer 433

Pervasive nineteenth century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

Question 434

Deere's Steel Plow

Answer 434

John Deere of Illinois in 1837 finally produced a steel plow that broke the stubborn soil. Sharp an effective, it was also light enough to be pulled by horses, rather than oxen.

Question 435

McCormick's Mower-Reaper

Answer 435

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.

Question 436

Fundamental Orders

Answer 436

Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution.

Question 437

Robert de la Salle

Answer 437

He floated down the Mississippi in 1682 to the point where it mingled with the Gulf in order to check Spanish penetration into the region of the Gulf of Mexico. He named the great interior basin "Louisiana", in honor of his sovereign, Louis XIV. He went to find the Mississippi delta but instead ended up in Texas where he was murdered.

Question 438

Lancaster Turnpike National

Answer 438

Privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce.

Question 439

Market Revolution

Answer 439

Eighteenth and nineteenth century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.

Question 440

(Cumberland) Road

Answer 440

It started in Cumberland, Maryland. The road reached Vandalia, Illinois, 591 miles to the west, in 1839. Later extensions brought it from Baltimore, on Chesapeake Bay, to the banks of the Mississippi River in St. Louis.

Question 441

Robert Fulton

Answer 441

He installed a powerful steam engine in a vessel that posterity came to know as the Clermont but that a dubious public dubbed "Fulton's Folly."

Question 442

The Clermont

Answer 442

On a historic day in 1807, the quaint little ship, belching sparks from its single smokestack, churned steadily from New York City up the Hudson River toward Albany. It made the run of 150 miles in 32 hours. The success of the steamboat was sensational.

Question 443

Dewitt Clinton

Answer 443

Driving leadership behind the creation of the Erie Canal, which linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. His grandiose project was scoffingly called "Clinton's Big Ditch" or "the Governor's Gutter." Begun in 1817, the canal eventually ribboned 363 miles.

Question 444

Fort Michilimackinac

Answer 444

The American fort that the British and the Canadians captured early in the war of 1812. It commanded the upper Great Lakes and the Indian-inhabited are to the south and the west.

Question 445

Isaac Brock

Answer 445

He was a British general who led the attack which captured the American fort of Michilimackinac. He was assisted in the American camp by "General Mud" and "General Confusion."

Question 446

Oliver Hazard Perry

Answer 446

American naval officer who managed to build a fleet of green-timbered ships on the shores of Lake Erie, manned by even greener seamen. When he captured a British fleet in a furious engagement on the lake, he reported to his superior, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." Perry's victory and his slogan infused new life into the drooping American cause.

Question 447

Battle of Thames

Answer 447

The Battle where Perry and his men were beaten by General Harrison's army in October 1813. It ended the British threat to the Northwest Territory.

Question 448

Thomas Macdonough

Answer 448

Led an American fleet which challenged the British. The ensuing battle was desperately fought near Plattsburgh on September 11, 1814, on floating slaughterhouses. Macdonough confronted the enemy with a fresh broadside and snatched victory from the fangs of defeat. The invading British army was forced to retreat.

Question 449

Battle of New Orleans

Answer 449

Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. It was the final battle of the War of 1812.

Question 450

"Blue Light" Federalists

Answer 450

Treacherous New Englanders who supposedly flashed lanterns on the shore so that blockading British cruisers would be alerted to the attempted escape of American ships.

Question 451

Virginia Dynasty

Answer 451

By 1814 a Virginian had been president for all but four years in the Republic's quarter-century of life. "Dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners.

Question 452

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Answer 452

Signed by Britain and the United-States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Question 453

Tariff of 1816

Answer 453

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

Question 454

Panic of 1819

Answer 454

Several financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorest classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy.

Question 455

Land Act of 1820

Answer 455

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

Question 456

Tallmadge Amendment

Answer 456

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerns vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Question 457

The Savannah

Answer 457

A pioneer American steamer that crept across the Atlantic in 1819, but it used sail most of the time and was pursued for a day by a British captain who thought it afire.

Question 458

John Marshall

Answer 458

The Chief Justice. One group of his decisions bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states. One notable case was McCulloch v. Maryland. Marshall declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. Marshall's ruling in this case gave the doctrine of loose construction its most famous formulation.

Question 459

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 459

Supreme court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the state of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.

Question 460

Loose Construction

Answer 460

Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally mandated responsibilities.

Question 461

Cohens v. Virginia

Answer 461

Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.

Question 462

Fletcher v. Peck

Answer 462

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

Question 463

Treaty of 1818

Answer 463

Called the Anglo-American Convention. Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, establishing the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

Question 464

Convention of 1800

Answer 464

Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treat with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by the America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.

Question 465

Canning Proposition

Answer 465

In August 1823, George Canning approached the American minister in London with a startling proposition. Would the United States combine with Britain in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European despots to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics? The British feared that the Yankees would one day gain Spanish territory in the Americas which would jeopardize Britain's possessions in the Caribbean. A self-denying alliance with Britain would not only hamper American expansion, concluded Adams, but it was unnecessary.

Question 466

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 466

Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

Question 467

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

Answer 467

Fixed the line of 54˚40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.

Question 468

The Constitution

Answer 468

U.S. ship that fought against the British ship, the Guerriere and destroyed it. Today, the Constitution, berthed in Boston harbor, remains the oldest actively commissioned ship in the U.S. navy.

Question 469

Funding at Par

Answer 469

Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary was debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.

Question 470

Bank of the United States

Answer 470

1791. Chartered by the Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional.

Question 471

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Answer 471

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

Question 472

Whiskey Rebellion

Answer 472

Popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn form several states.

Question 473

Strict Constructionist

Answer 473

A strict constructionist is a person who interprets the Constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take.

Question 474

The loyal opposition

Answer 474

The party out of power that traditionally plays the invaluable tole of the balance wheel on the machinery of government.

Question 475

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Answer 475

Issued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians.

Question 476

Little Turtle and the Miami Confederation

Answer 476

The Miami Confederacy was an alliance of eight Indian nations who terrorized Americans invading their lands. Little Turtle was the chief of the Miamis. In 1790 and 1791 his armies defeated many American armies and killed hundreds of soldiers and handed the United States what remains one of its worst defeats in the history of the frontier.

Question 477

Battle of the Fallen Timbers

Answer 477

1794. Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States.

Question 478

Jay's Treaty

Answer 478

Negotiated by chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France.

Question 479

Pickney's Treaty of 1795

Answer 479

Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the disputed territory of Florida.

Question 480

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Answer 480

Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky of Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and therefore could nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional.

Question 481

Society of Cincinnati

Answer 481

Established in 1783. Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions.

Question 482

Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom

Answer 482

Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution.

Question 483

Articles of Confederation

Answer 483

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.

Question 484

Virginia Plan

Answer 484

"Large State" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for appointing representation.

Question 485

Land of Ordinance of 1785

Answer 485

Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt.

Question 486

Olive Branch Petition

Answer 486

Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking and end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion.

Question 487

Battle of Bunker Hill

Answer 487

Fought on the outskirts of Boston, on Breed's Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, though a heavy cost to the British. Although a defeat for the colonists, the battle quickly proved a moral victory for the Patriots. Outnumbered and outgunned, they held their own against the British and suffered many fewer casualties.

Question 488

Shays Rebellion

Answer 488

Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.

Question 489

Richard Montgomery

Answer 489

Formerly of the British army, he pushed his troops up the Lake Champlain route and captured Montreal. He fought with General Benedict Arnold and lost his life in the end.

Question 490

Civic Virtue

Answer 490

Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic.

Question 491

Republican Motherhood

Answer 491

A sentiment that revered women as homemakers and mothers, the cultivators of good republican values in young citizens.

Question 492

New Jersey Plan

Answer 492

"Small state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system.

Question 493

Electoral College

Answer 493

A group of persons chosen in each state and the district of columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the president and vice president.

Question 494

Three-fifths Compromise

Answer 494

Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to southern slave states.

Question 495

Anti Federalists

Answer 495

Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights.

Question 496

Federalists

Answer 496

Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties.

Question 497

Federalist Papers

Answer 497

The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to convince the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution. Jay: 5 Madison: 29 Hamilton: 51

Question 498

Second Continental Congress

Answer 498

Representative body of delegates form all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort. It met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775.

Question 499

Benedict Arnold

Answer 499

He fought with Richard Montgomery in Quebec in a battle which was lost. He was shot in the leg and the remaining troops had to retreat up the St. Lawrence River.

Question 500

Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge

Answer 500

North Carolina patriots defeated a loyalists army, battle is sometimes called the Lexington and Concord of the south.

Question 501

Common Sense

Answer 501

Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonists to to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the revolution.

Question 502

Richard Henry Lee

Answer 502

From Virginia. He said "these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." The passing of Lee's resolution was the formal "declaration" of independence by the American colonies, and technically this was all that was needed to cut the British tie.

Question 503

Loyalists

Answer 503

American colonists who opposed the revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "tories."

Question 504

Whigs

Answer 504

Also called the patriots. They were colonists who supported the American revolution.

Question 505

Battle of Long Island

Answer 505

Battle for the control of New York. British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war.

Question 506

Battle of Trenton

Answer 506

George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for his victory and Princeton a week later.

Question 507

Battle of Princeton

Answer 507

George Washington and his troops won the battle. The patriots circled the British camp sneakily and then attacked and destroyed them.

Question 508

General William Howe

Answer 508

Washington's adversary. He commanded at Bunker Hill. He was not a military genius. He was a British commander who hoped the sheer size of his army would convince the Patriots to give up. He captured New York and Pennsylvania.

Question 509

General Burgoyne

Answer 509

Actor-playwright-soldier. He planed to push his troops down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. If needed, General Howe's troops in New York could advance up the Hudson River to meet Burgoyne near Albany.

Question 510

Baron Von Steuben

Answer 510

Prussian drillmaster. A stern soldier that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.

Question 511

Battle of Saratoga

Answer 511

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause. Ranks high among the decisive battles of both American and world history. The victory immensely revived the faltering colonial cause.

Question 512

Horatio Gates

Answer 512

American general whom Burgoyne was forced to surrender to at Saratoga on October 17, 1777.

Question 513

Charles Cornwallis

Answer 513

Lost to General Nathanael Greene. He was exhausted by Greene tactical pursuits. He lost in Carolina.

Question 514

George Rogers Clark

Answer 514

An audacious frontiersman who conceived the idea of seizing these forts by surprise. In 1778-1779 he floated down the Ohio River with about 175 men and captured in quick succession the forts Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. Clark's admirers have argued, without positive proof, that his success forced the British to cede the region north of the Ohio River to the United States at the peace table in Paris.

Question 515

Admiral de Grasse

Answer 515

Operated with a powerful fleet in the West Indies. He advised the Americans that he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown. He worked with Washington at the battle of Yorktown and defeated the British naval fleet so that he was then able to blockade them by sea. He provided essentially all the sea power and about half of the regular troops in the besieging army of some sixteen thousand men.

Question 516

Republicanism

Answer 516

Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in eighteenth-century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchial rule.

Question 517

Radical Whigs

Answer 517

Eighteenth century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights.

Question 518

George Grenville

Answer 518

Prime Minister who in 1763 ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament the so-called Sugar Act of 1764.

Question 519

Navigation Law of 1650

Answer 519

The first of the laws passed by Parliament to regulate the mercantilist system. It was aimed at rival Dutch shippers trying to elbow their way into the American carrying trade. Thereafter all commerce flowing to and from the colonies could be transported only in British vessels. Goods had to first pass through Britain to get into America.

Question 520

Mercantilism

Answer 520

Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political and military power to its bullion reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports.

Question 521

Junipero Serra

Answer 521

In 1769 Spanish missionaries led by Father Junipero Serra founded at San Diego the first of a chain of twenty-one missions that wound up the coast as far as Sonoma, north of San Francisco Bay. Father Serra's brown-robed Franciscan friars toiled with zealous devotion to Christianize the three hundred thousand native Californians.

Question 522

"Black Legend"

Answer 522

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ. The Spanish invaders did indeed kill, enslave, and infect countless natives, but they also erected a colossal empire, sprawling from California and Florida to Tierra del Feugo. They grafted their culture, laws, religion, and language onto a wide array of native societies, laying the foundations for a score of Spanish-speaking nations.

Question 523

Sugar Act of 1764

Answer 523

Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests.

Question 524

Virtual Representation

Answer 524

Grenville claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of Parliament.

Question 525

Admiralty Courts

Answer 525

Used to try offenders for violating the various Navigation Acts passed by the crown after the French and Indian War. Colonists argued that the courts encroached on their rights as Englishmen since they lacked juries and placed the burden of proof on the accused.

Question 526

Non-important agreements

Answer 526

Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form protest against British policies in the colonies.

Question 527

Sons and Daughter of Liberty

Answer 527

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-important agreements.

Question 528

Crispus Attucks

Answer 528

One of the first to die during the Boston Massacre. He was described by contemporaries as a powerfully built runaway "mulatto" and a leader of the mob.

Question 529

Committees of Correspondence

Answer 529

Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.

Question 530

British East India Company

Answer 530

The company had excess amounts of tea and so they tried to sell it all in/to the colonies really cheap because that way it would benefit both the British and the colonists. The colonists thought the British were only doing this to eliminate their smuggling so they refused to buy the cheap tea and resulted to destroying it.

Question 531

Thomas Hutchinson

Answer 531

Massachusetts governor whose house was destroyed in 1765 by Stamp Act protestors. He agreed that the Stamp Act was unjust, but he believed even more strongly that the colonists had no right to flout the law. He ordered the tea ships not to clear Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargos. Then his enemies posted one of his private letters.

Question 532

Boston Tea Party

Answer 532

Rowdy protest against the British East India's Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament.

Question 533

Boston Port Act

Answer 533

When the British government closed the tea stained harbor until damages from the Boston Tea Party were paid for. Said that the colonists could no longer hold town meetings and therefore there was no self-government.

Question 534

First Continental Congress

Answer 534

Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Question 535

The Association

Answer 535

Non-importation agreement crafted during the First Continental Congress calling for the complete boycott of British goods.

Question 536

Minute Men

Answer 536

The men that were supposed to run from town to town a deliver the news of the arrival of the British troops or "redcoats".

Question 537

Marquis de Lafayette

Answer 537

Young patriot from France who became George Washington's aide during the Revolution. Gave money to the colonial cause and became like a son to George Washington.

Question 538

Louis XIV

Answer 538

He was enthroned as a five year old boy and he reigned for no less than seventy-two years, surrounded by a glittering court and scheming ministers and mistresses. He took a deep interest in overseas colonies.

Question 539

Hessians

Answer 539

German mercenaries who fought against the Americans at Trenton after being attacked at daybreak.

Question 540

Samuel de Champlain

Answer 540

An intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership fairly earned him the title "Father of New France." He entered into friendly relations with the nearby Huron Indian tribes. He joined them in a battle against the Iroquois.

Question 541

Antoine Cadillac

Answer 541

He founded Detroit in 1701. "The City of Straits."

Question 542

War of Jenkin's Ear/War of Austrian Succession

Answer 542

Began in 1739. Small-scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian succession in 1742. The philanthropist-soldier James Oglethorpe fought his Spanish foe to a standstill.

Question 543

Louisbourg

Answer 543

After King George's War, the peace treaty in 1748 handed Louisbourg back to the French foe after the New Englanders had captured it in 1745.

Question 544

General Braddock

Answer 544

A sixty year old officer experienced in European warfare who was sent to Virginia with a strong detachment of British regulars. A few miles from Fort Duquesne, Braddock encountered a much smaller French and Indian army. He was mortally wounded in battle.

Question 545

Fort Duquesne

Answer 545

Small fort where French troops were spotted about forty miles from. At this point Virginians fired the first shots of war. Led by George Washington.

Question 546

Fort Necessity

Answer 546

Where the French promptly returned with reinforcements, who surrounded Washington. After a ten hour siege, he was forced to surrender his entire command in July 1754.

Question 547

Albany Congress

Answer 547

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.

Question 548

William Pitt

Answer 548

"Great Commoner." He drew much of his strength from the common people. In 1757 he became a foremost leader in the london government. He first dispatched a powerful expedition in 1758 against Louisbourg. He won and Britain rejoiced. He also captured Quebec with officer James Wolfe. He was fatally wounded in the battle but Quebec was still captured.

Question 549

Battle of Quebec

Answer 549

Historic British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Question 550

Pontiac's Rebellion

Answer 550

Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.

Question 551

Scotts-Irish

Answer 551

Made up 7% of the population. They were an important non-English group. They were turbulent Scots Landowners. Over many decades they had been transplanted to northern Ireland, where they had not prospered. The economic life of the Scots-Irish was hampered when the English government placed burdensome restrictions on their production of linens and woolens. Superb frontiersmen.

Question 552

Molasses Act

Answer 552

Passed by Parliament, it was aimed at squelching North American trade with the French West Indies. It was a tax on imported molasses. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling.

Question 553

Taverns

Answer 553

They were located along the main routes of travel, as well as in the cities. Their attractions customarily included such amusements as bowling alleys, pool tables, bars, and gambling equipment. Gossip also gathered at the taverns, which were clearinghouses of information, misinformation, and rumor.

Question 554

The Great Awakening

Answer 554

Religious revival. It exploded in the 1730s and 1740s. It first started in Northampton, Massachusetts, by pastor Jonathan Edwards. It was a religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century.

Question 555

Jacobus Arminius

Answer 555

Dutch theologian who preached that individual free will, not divine decree, determined a person's eternal fate, and all humans, not just the "elect" could be saved if they freely accepted God's grace. Founder of Arminianism.

Question 556

Jonathan Edwards

Answer 556

Tall, delicate, and intellectual pastor. Perhaps the deepest theological mind ever nurtured in America, Edwards proclaimed with burning righteousness the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on God's grace. "Sinners on the hands of any angry God" was the most famous of his sermons.

Question 557

"Sinners in the hand of an Angry God?"

Answer 557

The most famous sermon by Jonathan Edwards. He believed that hell was "paved with skulls of unbaptized children".

Question 558

George Whitfield

Answer 558

A former alehouse attendant, Whitfield was an orator of rare gifts. His magnificent voice boomed sonorously over thousands of enthralled listeners in an open field. One of England's greatest actors of the day commented enviously that Whitfield could make audiences weep. Whitfield trumpeted his message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence.

Question 559

Old Lights

Answer 559

Orthodox clergymen that were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the theatrical antics of the revivalists. They favored a more rational spirituality.

Question 560

New Lights

Answer 560

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitfield during the Great Awakening.

Question 561

Poor Richards Almanack

Answer 561

Widely real annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

Question 562

Jeremiad

Answer 562

Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah. Especially alarming was the apparent decline in conversions.

Question 563

Indentured Servants

Answer 563

Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement. They also received an ax and a hoe, a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and perhaps a small parcel of land.

Question 564

Headright System

Answer 564

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborers passage to the colony. Master thus reaped the benefits of landownership form the headright system. Some masters, men who already had at least modest financial means, soon parlayed their investments in servants into vast holdings in real estate. They became the great merchant-planters, lords of sprawling river front estates that came to dominate the agriculture and commerce of the southern colonies.

Question 565

Slave Codes

Answer 565

Written to restrict the rights and activities of slaves. No group meetings, reading, writing or weapons allowed. Masters were allowed to kill slaves for misbehaving.

Question 566

Nathaniel Bacon

Answer 566

He led a rebellion of about a thousand Virginians. He was a young planter who led a rebellion in 1676 that was called Bacon's rebellion. This rebellion was sparke by hostilities between the lowerclass former servants and their upper class former master.

Question 567

Half-Way Covenant

Answer 567

Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans. By conferring partial membership rights in the once-exclusive Puritan congregations, the Half-Way Covenant weakened the distinction between the "elect" and others, further diluting the spiritual purity of the original settlers' godly community.

Question 568

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 568

Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts. The Salem witch trials thus reflected the widening social stratification of New England, as well as the fear of many religious traditionalists that the Puritan heritage was being eclipsed by Yankee commercialism.

Question 569

Martin Luther

Answer 569

German friar who nailed his protests against Catholic doctrines to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517. He declared that the bible alone was the source of God's word. He started the Protestant Reformation.

Question 570

John Calvin

Answer 570

He created Calvinism which became the dominant theological credo not only of the New England Puritans but of other American settlers as well. He said God was all powerful and all good. Humans, because of the corrupting effect of original sin, were weak and wicked. God was also all knowing and he knew who was going to heaven and who was going to hell-predestination.

Question 571

Predestination

Answer 571

Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of "the elect".

Question 572

The elect

Answer 572

Those that were chosen by God to go to heaven, The souls who had been chosen since the moment of creation, they were destined for eternal happiness.

Question 573

Puritans

Answer 573

English protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to Church membership.

Question 574

Freemen

Answer 574

Adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations, which in time came to be called collectively the Congregational Church. On this basis about two-fifths of adult males enjoyed the franchise in provincial affairs, a far larger proportion than in contemporary England.

Question 575

John Cotton

Answer 575

Educated at England's Cambridge University, a Puritan citadel, he emigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution for his criticism of the Church of England. In the Bay Colony, he devoted his considerable learning to defending the government's duty to enforce religious rules. Profoundly pious, he sometimes preached and prayed up to six hours in a single day.

Question 576

Mayflower Compact

Answer 576

Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony. The compact was signed by forty-one adult males, eleven of them with the exalted rank of "mister", though not by the servants and two seamen.

Question 577

William Bradford

Answer 577

A self-taught scholar who read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch. He was chosen governor thirty times in the annual elections. Among his major worries was his fear that independent, non-Puritan settlers "on their particular" might corrupt his godly experiment in the wilderness.

Question 578

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Answer 578

Founded in 1630. Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.

Question 579

The Great Migration

Answer 579

Migration of seventy thousand refugees form England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose-to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World.

Question 580

Quakers

Answer 580

Officially they were known as the Religious Society of Friends. The were especially offensive to the authorities, both religious and civil. They refused to support the established Church of England with taxes. They built simple meetinghouses, congregated without a paid clergy, and "spoke up" themselves in meetings when moved. Believed that they were all children of God. They were a people of great conviction.

Question 581

Queen Elizabeth I

Answer 581

After the Protestant Elizabeth ascended to the English throne in 1558, Protestantism became dominant in England, and rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified. In the 1570s and 1580s, Elizabeth's troops crushed the Irish uprising with terrible ferocity, inflicting unspeakable atrocities upon the native Irish people. The English crown confiscated Irish lands and "planted" them with new Protestant landlords from Scotland and England. Although accused of being vain, fickle, prejudiced, and miserly, she proved to be an unusually successful ruler. She never married, although various royal matches were projected.

Question 582

Sea Dogs

Answer 582

Hardy english buccaneers who swarmed out upon the shipping lanes after being encouraged by the ambitious Elizabeth I. The sought to promote the twin goals of Protestantism and plunder by seizing Spanish treasure ships and raiding Spanish settlements, even though England and Spain were technically at peace.

Question 583

Sir Walter Raleigh

Answer 583

Raleigh organized an expedition that first landed in 1585 on North Carolina's Roanoke Island, off the coast of Virginia-a vaguely defined region named in honor of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen." After several false starts, the hapless Roanoke colony mysteriously vanished, swallowed up by the wilderness.

Question 584

Spanish Armada

Answer 584

(1588) Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.

Question 585

Primogeniture

Answer 585

Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's youngest sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas.

Question 586

Joint stock company

Answer 586

Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures. It was the forerunner of the modern corporation.

Question 587

Virginia Company of London

Answer 587

The Virginia Company of London was given a settlement in the New World. The main attraction was the promise of gold, combined with a strong desire to find a passage through America to the Indies. Like most joint-stock companies of the day, the Virginia Company was intended to endure for only a few years, after which its stockholders hoped to liquidate it for a profit. This arrangement put severe pressure on the luckless colonists, who were threatened with abandonment in the wilderness if they did not quickly strike it rich on the company's behalf. Charter of the Virginia Company The charter of the Virginia Company is a significant document in American history. It guaranteed to the overseas settlers the same rights of Englishmen that they would have enjoyed if they had stayed at home. This precious boon was gradually extended to subsequent English colonies, helping to reinforce the Colonists' sense that even on the far shores of the Atlantic, they remained comfortably within the embrace of traditional English institutions.

Question 588

King James I

Answer 588

A tiny band of colonists named in honor of King James I.

Question 589

Powhatan

Answer 589

He was the leader of the Indian tribe in the area near Jamestown. He wanted his tribe and the Virginians to have peace between one another.

Question 590

Pocahontas

Answer 590

The daughter of the Indian chieftain Powhatan. She became an intermediary between the Indians and the settlers, helping to preserve a shaky peace and to provide needed foodstuffs. Taken to England by her husband, she was received as a princess. She died when preparing to return, but her infant son ultimately reached Virginia, where hundreds of his descendants have lived, including the second Mrs. Woodrow Wilson.

Question 591

Lord de La Warr

Answer 591

The new governor of Jamestown. He ordered the leaving settlers back to Jamestown, imposed a harsh military regime on the colony, and soon undertook aggressive military action against the Indians. He carried orders from the Virginia Company that amounted to a declaration of war against the Indians in the Jamestown region

Question 592

Anglo-Powhatan War of 1614

Answer 592

Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish. A peace settlement ended this first Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614, sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to the colonist John Rolfe.

Question 593

Battle of Acoma

Answer 593

In the Battle of Acoma in 1599, the Spanish severed one foot of each survivor. They proclaimed the area to be the province of New Mexico in 1609 and founded its capital at Santa Fe the following year.

Question 594

Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo

Answer 594

Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo had explored the California coast in 1542, but failed to find San Francisco Bay or anything else of much interest. For some two centuries thereafter, California slumbered undisturbed by European intruders.

Question 595

Mestizos

Answer 595

People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. Cortes intermarried with the surviving Indians of the Aztec civilization.

Question 596

Charles II

Answer 596

He was restored to the English throne in 1660 the royalists and their Church of England allies were once more firmly in the saddle. Puritan hopes of eventually purifying the old English church withered. He was determined to take an active, aggressive hand in the management of the colonies. His plans ran headlong against the habits that decades of relative independence had bred in the colonists.

Question 597

New England Confederation

Answer 597

The primary purpose of the confederation was defense against foes or potential foes, notably the Indians, the French, and the Dutch. Purely intercolonial problems, such as runaway servants and criminals who had fled form one colony to another, also came within the jurisdiction of the confederation. Each member colony wielded two votes. The confederation was essentially an exclusive Puritan club.

Question 598

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 598

She was an exceptionally intelligent, strong-willed, and talkative woman, ultimately the mother of fourteen children. Swift and sharp in theological argument, she carried to logical extremes the Puritan doctrine of predestination. She claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man-antinomianism(heresy).

Question 599

Hernando Cortes

Answer 599

In 1519 Hernan Cortes set sail for Cuba with sixteen fresh horses and several hundred men aboard eleven ships, bound for Mexico. On the Island of Cozumel off the Yucatan Peninsula, he rescued a Spanish castaway who had been enslaved for several years by the Mayan-speaking Indians. He picked an Indian slave named Malinche who knew both Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec empire in central America. In addition to his superior firepower, Cortes now had the advantage, through these two interpreters. With his interpreters he learned that there were problems with the Aztec empire and the people they demanded tribute from. He also heard about gold in Tenochtitlan and he wished to get it. The leader of the Aztecs sent gifts welcoming the Spaniards. The Spaniards then approached the capital city unopposed. Eventually the Spaniards were driven out by the Aztecs in a frantic, bloody retreat. Cortes then laid siege to the city, and it capitulated on August 13, 1521. Spanish ruled for 3 centuries.

Question 600

Moctezuma

Answer 600

He was the Aztec chieftain. He sent gifts to the Spaniards welcoming them. Moctezuma believed that Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl and so he allowed the Spaniards to approach the capital city unopposed. June 30, 1520 he had the Aztecs attack the Spaniards, driving them down the causeways from Tenochtitlan in a frantic bloody retreat.

Question 601

Don Juan de Onate

Answer 601

Don Juan de Onate led a dust-begrimed expeditionary column, with eighty-three rumbling wagons and hundreds of men. They traversed the bare Sonora Desert from Mexico into the Rio Grande valley in 1598. The Spaniards cruelly abused the pueblo peoples the encountered.

Question 602

Jacques Cartier

Answer 602

The Frenchman Jacques Cartier journeyed hundreds of miles up the St. Lawrence River ten years after Giovanni da Verrazano.

Question 603

Dominion of New England

Answer 603

Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andres who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict loyal control.

Question 604

Sir Edmund Andres

Answer 604

An able English military man, conscientious but tactless. Establishing headquarters in Puritanical Boston, he generated much hostility by his open affiliation with the despised Church of England. The colonists were also outraged by his noisy and Sabbath-profaning soldiers, who were accused of teaching the people "to drink, blaspheme, curse, and damn." He ruthlessly curbed the cherished town meetings; laid heavy restrictions on the court, the press, and the schools; and revoked all land titles.

Question 605

Glorious Revolution

Answer 605

(1688) Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchial authority.

Question 606

Dutch East India Company

Answer 606

It became a leading colonial power. It maintained an enormous and profitable empire for over three hundred years. It was virtually a state within a state and at one time supported an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships, 40 of them men-of-war. The company employed Henry Hudson.

Question 607

Christopher Columbus

Answer 607

He was a skilled Italian seafare that persuaded the Spanish monarchs to outfit him with three tiny but seaworthy ships. He headed West in search of a water route to the Indies. After six weeks at sea, failure loomed until, on October 12, 1492, the crew sighted an island in the Bahamas. He never actually came to the Indies, but he thought that he had so he called the native people there Indians. Columbus's discovery would eventually convulse four continents- Europe, Africa, and the two Americas. Columbus brought seedlings of sugar cane, which thrived in the warm Caribbean climate.

Question 608

Columbian Exchange

Answer 608

The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. The Native World had gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, pineapples, tomatoes, beans, vanilla, chocolate and syphilis. The Old World/Europeans had wheat, rice, sugar, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, typhus, diphtheria, and the scarlet fever. This whole exchange of things was initiated by Columbus.

Question 609

Conquistador

Answer 609

Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires. They did this in the service of God, as well as in search of gold and glory. *Vasco Nunez Balboa and Ferdinand Magellan.

Question 610

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 610

He started from Spain in 1519 with five tiny ships. After beating through the storm-lashed strait off the tip of South America that still has his name, he was killed by the inhabitants of the Philippines. His one remaining vessel returned home in 1522, completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Question 611

Francisco Coronado

Answer 611

In 1540-1542 Francisco Coronado, in search of fabled golden cities that turned out to be adobe pueblos, wandered through Arizona and New Mexico, penetrating as far as Kansas. While on his expedition he discovered two natural wonders: the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River and enormous herds of buffalo.

Question 612

Hernando de Soto

Answer 612

Hernando de Soto, with 600 armor plated men, undertook a gold-seeking expedition during 1539-1542. Floundering through marshes and pine barrens from Florida westward, he discovered and crossed the Mississippi River just north of its junction with the Arkansas River. He brutally mistreated Indians with iron collars and fierce dogs, and then later died of fever and wounds. His troops secretly disposed of his remains at night into the Mississippi River so that the Indians would not abuse the body.

Question 613

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 613

In South America, Francisco Pizarro crushed the Incas of Peru in 1532 and added a huge hoard of booty to Spanish coffers. This added wealth to Spain and by 1600 Spain was swimming in New World silver, much of which was from rich mines at Potosi in present-day Bolivia, as well as in Mexico.

Question 614

Encomienda

Answer 614

Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.

Question 615

Bartolome d Las Casas

Answer 615

A Spanish missionary who was appalled by the encomienda system in Hispaniola and called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan." He was a reformed Dominican friar who wrote The Destruction of the Indies in 1542 to chronicle the awful fate of the Native Americans and to protest Spanish policies in the New World. quote: "Who of those in future centuries will believe this? I myself who am writing this and saw it and know the most about it can hardly believe that such was possible."

Question 616

Vasco da Gama

Answer 616

Portuguese man who finally reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of jewels and spices ten years after Bartholomew Dias rounded the southernmost tip of the "Dark Continent".

Question 617

Second Anglo-Powhatan War of 1644

Answer 617

Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.

Question 618

John Rolfe

Answer 618

A colonist that married Pocahontas. He also became the father of the tobacco industry. He perfected methods of raising and curing the pungent weed, eliminating much of the bitter tang.

Question 619

Tobacco

Answer 619

The tobacco industry was founded by John Rolfe. A tobacco rush swept over Virginia, as crops were planted in the streets of Jamestown and even between the numerous graves. Virginia's prosperity was finally built on tobacco smoke. This "bewitching weed" played a vital role in putting the colony on firm economic foundations.

Question 620

Lord Baltimore

Answer 620

He founded Maryland in 1634. He embarked upon the venture partly to reap financial profits and partly to create a refuge for his fellow Catholics. He hoped that the 200 settlers who founded Maryland would be the vanguard of a vast new feudal domain. He permitted unusual freedom of worship at the outset.

Question 621

Indentured servants

Answer 621

White penniless persons who bound themselves to work for a number of years to pay their passage who were depended on for labor in Maryland and Virginia.

Question 622

Rice

Answer 622

It emerged as the principal export crop in Carolina. It was then an exotic food in England; no seeds were sent out from London in the first supply ships to Carolina. It was grown in Africa, and the Carolinians were soon paying premium prices for West African slaves experienced in its cultivation. The African's agricultural skill and their relative immunity to malaria made them ideal laborers on the hot and swampy plantations.

Question 623

Barbados Slave Code of 1661

Answer 623

To control this large and potentially restive slave population, English authorities devised formal "codes" that defined the slaves' legal status and their masters' prerogatives. The notorious Barbados Slave Code of 1661 denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters virtually complete control over their laborers, including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.

Question 624

James Oglethorpe

Answer 624

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Question 625

Three-sister farming

Answer 625

Three-sister farming was an agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D. Maize, as well as high-yielding strains of beans and squash made possible the three-sister farming with beans growing on the trellis of the cornstalks and squash covering the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil. This helped to create some of the highest population densities.

Question 626

Caravel

Answer 626

Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shore of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey. They were created by Portuguese mariners. They discovered that they could return to Europe by sailing northwesterly from the African coast toward the Azores, where the prevailing westward breezes would carry them home.

Question 627

Plantation system

Answer 627

Portuguese adventurers in Africa were to be found the origins of the modern plantation system, based on large-scale commercial agriculture and the wholesale exploitation of slave labor. This plantation economy shaped much of the New World. Plantations were large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. European settlers established plantations in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, and the American South.

Question 628

Bartholomew Dias

Answer 628

Portuguese man in search of the water route to Asia. Edging cautiously down the African coast, he rounded the southernmost tip of the "Dark Continent" in 1488.

Question 629

William Penn

Answer 629

A wellborn and athletic young Englishman, was attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660, when only sixteen years old. After various adventures in the army the youth firmly embraced the despised faith and suffered much persecution. Several hundred of his less fortunate fellow Quakers died of cruel treatment, and thousands more were fined, flogged, or cast into dank prisons. In 1681, he managed to secure from the King an immense grant of fertile land, in considerable of a monetary debt owed to his deceased father by the crown. The kind called the area Pennsylvania in honor of the sire.

Question 630

Blue Laws

Answer 630

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.