US History Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
O. O. Howard
A
- Olive Otis Howard DOD 1909
- Abolitionist
- Head of Freedman’s Bureau during American Reconstruction – mid 1865
- Goal was to integrate former slaves into wage worker society and provide education
- Commanded Freedmen’s Bureau in the West against Native Americans
- Howard University named after him
2
Q
Plessy v. Ferguson
A
- Established the “separate but equal” doctrine
- 1896 decision by the US Supreme Court that confirmed the principle of “Separate but Equal” and minority segregation.
- Supported the legality of Jim Crow laws
- The case began in Louisiana in 1892. Homer Plessy agreed to be arrested to test the 1890 law establishing “whites only” train cars. Although he himself was one-eighth black and seven-eighths white, he was still legally required to sit in the “colored” car of the train.
- The Plessy decision set the precedent that “separate” facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were “equal”
- Not until 1954, in the equally important Brown v. Board of Education decision, would the “separate but equal” doctrine be struck down.
3
Q
“The Octopus”
A
- During gilded age and 2nd industrial revolution
- Metaphor for large vertically integrated corporations
- Symbolized monopoly
- Coined by muckrakers / journalists to demonize robber barons like Carnegie, Rockefeller, captains of industry
- Demonstrates that people were rethinking role of gov’t in regulating private industry
- Published in Puck magazine by Udo J. Keppler
4
Q
The Social Gospel
A
- Social Gospel Preached by liberal Protestant clergymen
- Late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (1870 to 1920)
- Advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization.
• Especially persuasive of the movement’s views were the works of Charles Monroe Sheldon (e.g., In His Steps; “What Would Jesus Do?”; 1897)
- Labour reforms—including abolition of child labour, a shorter workweek, a living wage, and factory regulation—constituted the Social Gospel’s most prominent concerns
- During the 1930s many of these ideals were realized through the rise of organized labour and the legislation of the New Deal.
5
Q
The Bargain of 1877
A
• Compromise of 1877 - End of Reconstruction
Rutherford Hayes was the 19th American President
• The Compromise of 1877, also known as the “Corrupt Bargain” or the “Great Betrayal”
• marked the end of Reconstruction in the South and a return to “Home Rule”.
• The Compromise of 1877 was reached to settle the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election.
• The secret deal ensured that the Republican Party candidate, Rutherford Hayes, would become the next president and that the Democrats would regain political power in the southern state governments.
• The terms of the Compromise of 1877 were as follows:
• To withdraw federal soldiers from their remaining positions in the South (Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida)
• The restoration of “Home Rule”
• To appoint Democrats to patronage positions in the South
• To appoint a Democrat to the president’s cabinet
• To pass federal legislation that would encourage industrialization in the South
6
Q
Alice Paul
A
• Strategist of the 1910s campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (prohibits sex discrimination in the right to vote)
• An American suffragist, feminist, and women’s rights activist, and the main leader
• Paul strategized the events, such as the Silent Sentinels
• Led the successful campaign that resulted in its passage in 1920
• On January 10, 1917, Paul led a dozen women to the gates of the White House.
• The first people ever to picket the White House, they called themselves “Silent Sentinels” but they carried banners that shrieked:
“MR. PRESIDENT HOW LONG MUST WOMEN WAIT FOR LIBERTY?”
“MR. PRESIDENT WHAT WILL YOU DO FOR WOMAN SUFFRAGE?”
7
Q
Fourteen Points
A
- President Woodrow Wilson’s 1918 plan for peace after World War I
- At the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty.
- He believed the enactment of these would form the basis for a just, lasting peace.
- They were however considered as controversial by America’s Allies in the war, and were resisted during the subsequent Paris Peace Conference, although they had formed the basis for Germany’s surrender in November 1918
- Open Diplomacy - There should be no secret treaties between powers
- Freedom of Navigation - Seas should be free in both peace and war
- Free Trade - The barriers to trade between countries such as custom duties should be removed
8
Q
Garveyism
A
- Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist entrepreneur
- Staunch proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements
- He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
- He founded the Black Star Line, which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands.
- Garveyism is an aspect of Black Nationalism which refers to the social, economic and political policies of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey.[1]
- The ideology of Garveyism centers on the unification and empowerment of African American men, women and children under the banner of their collective African descent, and the repatriation of African slave descendants and profits to the African continent.
- Garvey was fought by the African American establishment in the U.S.
- He was arrested by the US government and his projects collapsed.
9
Q
AFL
A
- American Federation of Labor
- Founded in 1881 as a federation of trade unions composed mostly of skilled, white, native-born workers
- Long-term president was Samuel Gompers.
- While the Federation was founded and dominated by craft unions throughout the first fifty years of its existence, many of its craft union affiliates turned to organizing on an industrial union basis to meet the challenge from the CIO in the 1940s.
- In 1955, the AFL merged with its longtime rival, the Congress of Industrial Organizations, to form the AFL-CIO,
- Together with the new union, the AFL has comprised the longest lasting and most influential labor federation in the United States.
10
Q
Immigration Act of 1924
A
- The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota.
- Quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census.
- It completely excluded immigrants from Asia.
11
Q
The Bracero Program
A
- System agreed to by Mexican and American governments in 1942
- tens of thousands of Mexicans entered the United States to
- work temporarily in agricultural jobs in the Southwest;
- Lasted until 1964 and inhibited labor organization among farm workers since braceros could be deported at any time.
- Opened new opportunities for second-generation Mexican-Americans. Hundreds of thousands of men and women emerged from ethnic neighborhoods, or barrios, to work in defense industries and serve in the army (where, unlike blacks, they fought alongside whites).
- A new “Chicano” culture—a fusion of Mexican heritage and American experience—was being born
12
Q
“Double V”
A
- During the WWII
- The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), founded by an interracial group of pacifists in 1942, held sit-ins in northern cities to integrate restaurants and theaters.
- Feb 1942, the Pittsburgh Courier coined the phrase that came to symbolize black attitudes during the war—the “double-V.” Victory over Germany and Japan, it insisted, must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home.
- Whereas the Roosevelt administration and the white press saw the war as an expression of American ideals, black newspapers pointed to the gap between those ideals and reality
- Side by side with ads for war bonds, The Crisis insisted that a segregated army “cannot fight for a free world.”
13
Q
A. Philip Randolph
A
- The black labor leader A. Philip Randolph in July 1941 called for a March on Washington.
- Demands included access to defense employment, an end to segregation, and a
- National antilynching law.
- To persuade Randolph to call off the march, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802,
- Which banned discrimination in defense jobs and established a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to monitor compliance.
- First federal agency since Reconstruction to campaign for equal opportunity for black Americans
- FEPC played an important role in obtaining jobs for black workers in industrial plants and shipyards.
- Leftist
- Helped shaped Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
14
Q
Isolationism
A
- The desire to avoid foreign entanglements that dominated the United States Congress in the 1930s
- in 1935, lawmakers passed a series of Neutrality Acts that banned travel on belligerents’ ships and the sale of arms to countries at war.
15
Q
The Color Line
A
- 1881
- An article by Frederick Douglass titled “The Color Line” was published in the North American Review in 1881
- The term color line was originally used as a reference to the racial segregation that existed in the United States after the abolition of slavery.
- The phrase gained fame after W. E. B. Du Bois’ repeated use of it in his book The Souls of Black Folk.
- The NAACP and American Jewish Congress cooperated closely in advocating laws to ban discrimination in employment and housing
- Despite considerable resistance from rank-and-file white workers, CIO unions, especially those with strong left-liberal and communist influence, made significant efforts to organize black workers and win them access to skilled positions.
- The new black militancy alarmed southern politicians.
- The “war emergency,” insisted Governor Frank Dixon of Alabama, “should not be used as a pretext to bring about the abolition of the color line.”
- Even as the war gave birth to the modern civil rights movement, it also planted the seeds for the South’s “massive resistance” to desegregation during the 1950s.
