U.S. History EOC/STAAR Review Part 1 Flashcards
18th Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and
distribution of alcoholic beverages
9/11
terrorist attacks that occurred on Sep. 11, 2001, in which 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed 4 commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse. One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D. C., and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history.
13th Amendment
Abolished Slavery
19th Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
14th Amendment
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens
and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
15th Amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because
of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
26th Amendment
Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
Date: WWI
1914-1918
16th Amendment
Amendment to the United States Constitution
(1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
24th Amendment
Abolishes poll taxes
1929
Great Depression begins/Stock Market Crash
1965 Voting Rights Act
Ended literacy tests and poll taxes; allowed
officers to register voters
1939-1945
The years of World War II, which began with the German invasion of Poland and ended with the U.S. bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1969 Moon Landing
Neil Armstrong was the first man on the
moon.
1957
Sputnik launched; starts the Space Race
1992 Election
Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot; focus on stagnancy of
economy and problems of middle class (Clinton)
1957 Civil Rights Act
A bipartisan commission established by IKE to investigate if certain citizens were being deprived the right to vote
2000 Election
This election came down to the state of Florida, between George W. Bush and Al Gore. George Bush won the Presidency by a Supreme Court vote.
1964 Civil Rights Act
This act prohibited Discrimination because of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin by employers or labor unions
2008 Election
The election was the first in which an African American was elected President, and the first time a Roman Catholic was elected Vice President (Joe Biden, then-U.S. Senator from Delaware).
Adolf Hitler
Austrian born Dictator of Germany, invaded Rhineland, Austria and Czechoslovakia. led during WWII and instituted the final solution (holocaust)
Andrew Carnegie
A business man that increased his power through by gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of steel production development.
Affirmative Action
A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.
Arms Race
Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons
AFL (American Federation of Labor)
A labor union created by Samuel Gompers that was the ONLY labor union that only accepted skilled workers
Assembly Line
In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.
Alexander Graham Bell
He was an American inventor who was
responsible for developing the telephone.
Assassination of MLK
April 4, 1968 - MLK shot by James Earl Ray on hotel balcony in Memphis – rocked nonviolent campaign, resulted in violent riots
Afghanistan War
(2001-Present) to find/kill Osama Bin Laden, destroy Al Qaeda, remove the Taliban from power and; help build a nation better for its citizens than what we found
Appeasement
British policy that granted Hitler everything he could reasonably want (and more) in order to avoid war.
Assimilation
A policy in which a nation forces or encourages a
subject people to adopt its institutions and customs.
Battle of Argonne Forest
1 million American soldiers fought in the final Allied offensive. Heavy German fire killed more than 100,000 Americans, but in the end, the Allies were victorious.
Atomic Bomb
Bomb dropped by an American bomber on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities and ending WWII.
Battle of Midway
1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific
Baby Boom
30 million war babies were born between 1942 and 1950
Beat Generation
Group of writers of the 1950s, led by Kerouac, focusing on alienation, conformity, and materialism.
Barack Obama
2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don’t Ask Don’t Tell; New Start treaty with Russia
Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy. He led Italy to conquer
Ethiopia and joined Germany in World War II.
Bataan Death March
Japanese forced about 60,000 of Americans and Philippines to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way
Berlin Airlift
Airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin.
Bessemer Process
A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856.
Brown vs. Board of Education
1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Bill Clinton
1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don’t Ask Don’t Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act of 1993, Travelgate controversy; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in
Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969
Captain of Industry
Business leader who has a positive impact
Black Panthers
A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.
Causes of Great Depression
Higher US tariffs, Overproduction of food, buying on margin, market speculation, stock market crash, bank failures
Blitzkrieg
“Lighting war” typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
Causes of Spanish American War
Yellow journalism, imperialism, Spain brutality to
the Cubans, explosion of the USS Maine.
Boss Tweed
Leader of the Tammany Hall, New York political machine
Cesar Chavez
1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.
Charles Lindbergh
Completed the first non- stop solo flight across the
Atlantic Ocean, traveling from New York to Paris
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
Chester A Nimitz
Navy commander (coral sea, Midway, Solomon Islands, Philippine Sea)
Communist Revolution in China
A revolution led by Mao Zedong and the Red Guards whose focus was to establish a society in which all people were equal, also called the Cultural Revolution
Child Labor
Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.
Containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
Court Packing
Attempt by Roosevelt to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of
70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the new deal. Plan died in congress and made opponents of New Deal inflamed.
Clarence Darrow
A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.
Cuban Missile Crisis
An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S.
and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy
demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev
acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.
Dawes Act
1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans
D-Day
June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France.
Detente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
Dollar Diplomacy
Foreign Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependent on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies
Domino Theory
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
Douglas MacArthur
Army commander in Pacific; at Bataan “I shall return”
retook Philippines and led rebuilding after WWII
Dust Bowl
Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.
Dwight Eisenhower
Top Allied commander in Europe supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. Later 34th president
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR’s wife. Traveled, spoke and wrote for new deal;
reshaped First Lady’s role. Also fought for civil rights
EPA
An independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment
Ethnic Ghettos
Immigrants lived here due to cultural similarities,
especially in big cities
Eugenics
Emphasized that human inequalities were inherited
and warned against breeding the “inferior”
Executive Order 9066
112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes and businesses
Executive Order 9981
President Truman desegregated US military
Fall of Saigon
Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975 when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Provided govt insurance for bank deposits up to
a certain amount
Federal Reserve Act
A 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply
Flappers
Carefree young women with short, “bobbed” hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new “liberated” woman of the 1920s.
Fourteen Points
A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.
Franklin Roosevelt
Established the civilian conservation Corps, which employed more than 175,000 men to plant trees, make paths and roads in national parks and forests, build dams to control flooding, and perform other activities to protect natural resources.
George Marshall
United States secretary of state during WWII. Formulated a program providing economic
aid to European countries after World War II. The Marshall Plan provided massive American economic assistance to help Europe recover from the war.
George Patton
Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.
The resolution passed by Congress in 1964 giving President Lyndon Johnson board
George Wallace
Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 (“segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever”); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot
George W. Bush
2000 and 2004; Republican; 9/11 terrorist attack invade Afghanistan and Iraq; economy: huge tax cuts, 2007-great recession; No Child Left Behind, Medicare
prescription drug benefits, Hurricane Katrina disaster
Gilded Age
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics and growing gap between the rich and poor
Great Migration
Movement of over 300,000 African American from the
rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Great Society
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
Gulf of Tokin Resolution
The resolution passed by Congress in 1964 giving President Lyndon Johnson board powers to expand the U.S. role in Vietnam
Harlem Renaissance
A period in the 1920s when African-American
achievements in art and music and literature flourished
Harry S. Truman
Succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon his death. Led the country through the last few months of World War II, and made the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan
Henry Ford
American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman
Ho Chi Minh
1950s and 60s; Communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerilla warfare to fight anti-Communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine;
brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable
Homestead Act
1862 - provided free land in the west as long as the person would settle there and make improvements in five years
Hooverville
Depression shantytowns, named after the president
whom many blamed for their financial distress
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Committee formed in the House of Representatives in the 1930s to investigate radical groups in the United States; it later came to focus on the threat of Communism in the United States during World War II and the Cold War
Hurricane Katrina
Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrations second term and in is inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion.
Ida B. Wells
African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores
Imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate
other countries politically, socially, and economically.
Indian Wars
1850 to 1890; series of conflicts between the US Army / settlers and different Native American tribes
