U.S history 2 midterm Flashcards
Thomas Edison
Great American inventor; invented the telegraphy device during the Civil War and the electric lightbulb as a replacement for the “dangerous” gas light.
Andrew Carnegie
First worked as a cotton worker in his early years. Later invested in the coal, iron and oil companies and a manufacturer of railroad sleeping cars. In 1870, Carnegie co-founded his first steel company and grew to a steel empire.
Trusts
monopoly or cartel associated with the large corporations of the Gilded and Progressive Era who entered into agreements to exercise control over specific products or industries. It was a tool in the 1800s and was pioneered by men such as Andrew Carnegie of the steel industry and John Rockfeller of the oil industry. Trusts were outlawed in the early 1900’s.
Dawes Act
1887, authorized the federal government to break up the tribal lands and assimilate Native Americans into mainstream US society by annihilating their cultural and social traditions.
Gilded Age
period of gross materialism and blatant political corruption in U.S. history during the 1870s that gave rise to important novels and social and political criticism. The nation was rapidly expanding its economy into new eras, especially heavy industry like factories, railroads, and coal mining.
Social Darwinism
the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. “Survival of the fittest.”
Bonanza Farm
very large farms in the United States performing large-scale operations, mostly growing and harvesting wheat. A federal law intended to turn Native Americans into farmers and landowners by providing operating families with 160 acres of reservation land for farming or 320 acres for grazing.
William McKinley
Republican candidate defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. As a supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.
Teller amendment
declared that when the United States had overthrown Spanish rule of Cuba it would give the Cubans their freedom (April 20, 1898).
Disenfranchisement
the state of being deprived of a right or privilege, especially the right to vote.
Jane Addams
pioneer American settlement activists/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace. Created the first settlement house in the U.S., Chicago’s Hull House (1889).
Settlement house
house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. at Settlement Houses, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. Was also a cause of assimilation for immigrants.
Upton Sinclair
Muckraker who wrote The Jungle - exposing the meat packing industry.
Muckraker
crusading journalists, photographers and authors who published their work in order to raise awareness of social issues and injustices.
“The Jungle”
published in 1906, pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.
16th amendment
Allows the federal government to collect an income tax from all Americans. (Constitutional amendment passed in 1913 that legalized the federal income tax)
Populist party
A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver.
John D. Rockefeller
an American business magnate and philanthropist. Co-founder of the Standard Oil Company. Then became a monopoly by buying rival refineries and developing companies for distributing and marketing its products around the globe.
17th amendment
passed in 1913, calls for direct election of senators by voters instead of their election by state legislatures. (Progressive reform passed in 1913 that required U.S. senators to be elected directly by voters; previously, senators were chosen by state legislatures)
National origins act
passed in 1924, further restricted immigration by basing the numbers of immigrants allowed from a specific region of the world. System restricted the new immigrants from southern and eatern Europe and Asia.
Robert M. La Follette
Progressive politician, governor of Wisconsin nicknamed “Fighting Bob”. His “Wisconsin idea” was the model for the state progressive government. He used the “brain trust”, a panel of experts, to help him create effective, efficient government.
Open door
policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
Plessy Vs Ferguson
case in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregated, “Equal but Separate” public accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the 14th amendment. This ruling made segregation legal.
Kansas Exodus
Exodus of 1879, refers to the mass movement of African Americans from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late 19th century, and was the first general migration of blacks following the Civil War.
Henry Ford
Father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. Founder of Ford Motor Company, pioneer of affordable automobiles with his Model T, which was built using assembly line methods.
Warren Harding
President who called for a return to normalcy following WWI. He had laissez-faire economic policies, and wanted to remove the progressive ideals that were established by Wilson, in efforts to return to “normalcy”.
John Muir
America’s most famous and influential naturalist and conservationist, and founder of Sierra Club. “Father of the National Parks”.
Eugene Debs
labor leader who helped organize the American Railroad Union. In 1918, Socialist Party leader Eugene V Debs was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison for delivering an anti-war speech. In 1920, Debs ran for president and received 900,000 votes. He was released from prison by President Harding in 1921.
American railroad union
went on strike against the Pullman Palace car company in 1894; the strike was put down by armed forces; Debs and the other leaders were given six months imprisonment.
Margaret Sangar
American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900s. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy.
Theodore Roosevelt
American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the US from 1901 to 1909. He was also the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He resigned in 1898 to organize the Rough Riders, the first volunteer cavalry in the Spanish-American War.
William Jennings Bryan
American orator and politician from Nebraska. He was a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as the Party’s candidate for President of the US. He was perhaps the best-known orator and lecturer of the era.
Angel island
immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese, gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay.
Claude McKay
a Jamaican-American writer and poet figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem “If We Must Die” after the Chicago Riot of 1919. Author of “Home to Harlem” (1928).
Harlem renaissance
An African-American cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s, centered in Harlem, that celebrated black traditions, the black voice, and black ways of life. (African-American literary and artistic movement of the 1920s centered in New York City’s Harlem neighborhood; writers Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen were among those active in the movement)
New freedom
Woodrow Wilson’s program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition.
Muller Vs Oregon
enacted a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries. Muller challenges it after he orders a female employee to work longer hours. Court ruled that Oregon’s law was constitutional.
Sacco & Vanzetti
Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. Trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.
John Scopes
A 1925 trial in Tennessee, exposed the division between traditionalism and modern secular culture. A public school teacher named John Scopes was arrested for violating a state law that prohibited the teaching of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. Labor lawyer Clarence Darrow defended Scopes and created a sensation when he called William Jennings Bryan to the stand as an expert witness on the bible.
Louis Brandeis
persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of law’s protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women’s weaker bodies. He believed in using the law to protect the powerless from the powerful.
Bonus march
(1932) protest by several WWI veterans who, in response to the quickly worsening economy, wanted their bonuses early that had been promised to them. Hoover greeted them with a small army that used force to stop the protests.
“slumming”
Whites going into Harlem’s dancehalls, Jazz clubs, and Speakeasies. (The 1920s became famous for “slumming,” as groups of whites visited Harlem’s dance halls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies in search of exotic adventure)
American civil liberties Union
(ACLU) is a non-partisan, non-profit organization whose stated mission is “to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States.”
Urban bosses
bosses who controlled political parties.
Political machines
when monopolies control political people due to money and votes (not a great definition but thats all i got -anastasia). Wall Street bankers and corporate executives, the manipulation of democracy by corrupt political machines
Coxey’s Army
a protest march by unemployed workers from the US, led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in US history to that time.
Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
States that the U.S. can intervene into a country if the country within the Western Hemisphere was acting irresponsibly politically and economically.
W.E.B Du Bois
first african american to obtain PhD, was trying to uplift the african americans
Washington B.T
believe in accommodation, NAACP
Marcus Garvey
launched a group called the Universal Negro Improvement Association of movemt for Africa Independence and Black self-reliance. Separate black shops and businesses.
Imperialism
strong richer nations go to smaller poorer nations to influence their own culture, economically, and politically
Monroe Doctrine
keep out hungry rich European nations out of smaller nations (southern hemisphere such as south america)
Laissez faire
free capitalism, free enterprise
Knights of Labor
skilled and unskilled workers
AFL
only for skilled workers
Open shop
a workplace free of government regulation in unions except in some cases company unions that were created and controlled by management.
New Negro
the rejection of established stereotypes and a search for black values to put in their place
Espionage act of 1917
prohibited spying, interfering with the draft and false statements that almighty impede military success
Fordism
mass production/consumption, assembly line, cheap automobiles for working class people
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
the first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling.
Red Scare of 1919–1920
Fear among many Americans after World War I of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots.
The Gilded Age
The popular but derogatory name for the period from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century, after the title of the 1873 novel by Mark Twain and Charles
Dudley Warner
he authored the novel known as the gilded age: a tale of today.
Emancipation Proclamation Declaration
issued by President Abraham Lincoln; the preliminary proclamation on September 22, 1862, freed the slaves in areas under Confederate control as of January 1, 1863, the date of the final proclamation, which also authorized the enrollment of black soldiers into the Union army
Progressivism Broad-based reform movement, 1900–1917
that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, public health, the economy, the environment, labor, transportation, and politics.
