US History Flashcards
1
Q
12th Amendment
A
Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.
2
Q
10th Amendment
A
Powers of states and people. Anything not in the constitution is left to the states.
2
Q
11th Amendment
A
Generally, a state is immune from suit by an individual. However, a state can consent to be sued, or Congress can abrogate a state’s immunity, as long as it is within Congress’ authority to do so (i.e. constitutional authority).
3
Q
21st Amendment
A
(1933): Repeals Eighteenth Amendment but permits states to retain prohibition and ban the importation of alcohol.
4
Q
13th Amendment
A
1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery
5
Q
14th Amendment
A
Ratified in 1866. It fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.
6
Q
15th Amendment
A
Ratified in 1870. No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.
7
Q
16th Amendment
A
Enacted income tax
8
Q
17th Amendment
A
Direct election of US senators
9
Q
18th Amendment
A
Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. It was ratified on January 16, 1919 and repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. In the over 200 years of the U.S. Constitution, the 18th Amendment remains the only Amendment to ever have been repealed.
10
Q
19th Amendment
A
Ratified in 1920. Granted women the right to vote.
11
Q
20th Amendment
A
Written by George Norris and also called the “Lame Duck Amendment,” it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.
12
Q
1893 Depression
A
Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.
13
Q
1992 What went wrong
A
(GB1) American economy favored powerful not middle class, natioanal debt, employment fell, forced into low paying jobs, losing benefits of pensiosn and health, black and hispanic = hit hardest
14
Q
21st Amendment
A
Ratified in 1933. Repeal of 18th Amendment.
15
Q
22nd Amendment
A
limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve
16
Q
23rd Amendment
A
(JFK), gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote
17
Q
26th Amendment
A
Lowered voting age to 18
18
Q
27th Amendment
A
Regulates pay raises for members of congress
19
Q
3/5ths compromise
A
The South wanted slaves to count of citizens in order to increase the population, and therefore increasing the number of Southerners in the House of Representatives. The North argued that slaves were property and couldn’t be counted. In the end, slaved came to be counted as 3/5 of a person.
20
Q
54/40ths of fight
A
An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polks slogan the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54 40 latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846.
21
Q
A. Mitchell Palmer
A
He was chosen to round up immigrants that were questionably communists, and he ended up rounding up about 6000 people.
22
Q
A. Philip Randolph
A
President of the Brotherhood of Car Porters and a Black labor leader, in 1941 he arranged a march on Washington to end racial discrimination.
23
Q
Aaron Burr
A
Was VP for Jefferson. Later killed Hamilton in a duel. Later still involved in a conspiracy to sever the western states.
24
ABC Powers
(WW) 1914 Argentina,Brazil,Chile offered to negotiate dispute between US and Mexico
25
Abolitionism
The belief that slavery should be abolished immediately without compensation. Important factor leading to the Civil War
26
Acquisition of Florida from Spain
(JMon) Jackson gets Spain, praised by Adams and Monroe, not by Senate or House
27
Abortion
(WJC) although 20th anniversay of Roe v. Wade said constitutional right to abortion against abortion by signing memoranda
28
Adam's midnight judges
A group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms
29
Adamson Act
(WW) , 1916; established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime
30
Adams-Onis Treaty
The negotiated sale of Spain's territories in eastern and western Florida to the U. S. for $5 million.
31
Adkins v. Children's Hospital
Reversed Muller v. Oregon, declared laws to protect women workers were unconstitutional. (1923)
32
Adlai Stevenson
ran against Eisenhower, , The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower. Ambassador to UN during Cuban Missile Crisis.
33
Admiral Nimitz
Commander of US fleet during WWII
34
Aftermath of Persian War
(WJC) UN wanted to inspect Iraq for weapons, so imposed economic santions, France, China and Russia oppose (since they had contracts with Iraq), then eventually UK and US considered ending sanctions, and Saddam ordered UN out of Iraq
35
Aftermath of Vietnam War
(RN), 1973, when Nixon replaced American forces in Vietnam with South Vietnam, withdrawal caused hostilities between North and South in which as a result, all of Vietnam became Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (1976)
36
Agricultural Adjustment Act
(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of their products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.
37
Aid to Somalia
(GB1) civil war, UN peacekeeping mission, US forces limited humanitarian, Bush Administration rejected disarm warring factions and pressed for negotiations, later turned over control to UN, results, back to fighting
38
Al Jolson
Starred in the first "talkie" movie with sounds called "The Jazz Singer."
39
Alabama
*1869-1872, Seward negotiates with England on recovering damages from Civil War, Treaty of Washington 1871, solved dispute over fisheries, boundaries, and Alabama
40
What year was alaska purchased?
1867
41
Albany Congress/Plan of Union
A conference in the summer of 1754. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French. Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.
42
Albany Plan
Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan during the Fr. and Ind. War on 1754 gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies.
43
Alf Landon
French historian whose book Democracy in Amerca was the first impartial study of institutions in the new nation.
44
Algeciras Conference
(TR) alliance (germany, austria, and italy),1906- settled the First Moroccan Crisis- started with Germany wanting an international conference on the Moroccan question of who gets what- Germany left with nothing and was further isolated- result of conference was that Britain, France, Russia, and the US began to see Germany as a potential threat that might seek to dominate all Europe- Germany began to see sinister plots to "encircle" Germany and prevent their development as a world power
45
Alice Paul
A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics.
46
Alien and Sedition Acts
Laws aimed at restricting the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Revolution and criticized Adam's Federalist policies. They provoked the Virgina and Kentucky Resolutions by Madison and Jefferson asserting State's rights.
47
Alien Registration Act
AKA - Smith Act of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to conspire to overthrow the government. It also required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government. The Act is best known for its use against political organizations and figures, mostly on the left. A series of United States Supreme Court decisions in 1957 threw out numerous convictions under the Smith Act as unconstitutional.
48
Alliance for Progress
(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military
49
American Anti-Slavery Society
Formed in 1844, a major abolitionist movement in the North.
50
American Colonization Society
Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.
51
American Expeditionary Forces
(WW), The Us forces led by General John Pershing who fought with the allies in Europe during WW1
52
American Federation of Government Employees
An American labor union representing over 600,000 employees of the federal government. (State and municipal employees are represented by other unions, most notably the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU). It is a member of the AFL-CIO.
53
American Party
Political organization that was created after the election of 1852 by the Know-Nothings, was organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants who entered the United States after 1846
54
American System
1824 (JMon), Henry Clay, response to Tariff of 1824, program proposed by Henry Clay and others to foster national economic growth and interdependence among the geographical sections. It included a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements.
55
Amnesty Act
Pardoned many of the rebels and allowed them to reenter public acts. (1872)
56
Andrew Jackson
1829-1837, (King Andrew, Old Hickory) Democrat, issue = 2nd Bank of America (Jackson and Clay), Whig Party emerged
57
Andrew Johnson
Became president when Lincoln was assassinated. Later impeached for illegally dismissing a government official.
58
Annapolis Convention
Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation
59
Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island
60
Anthracite Coal Strike
Large strike by coal miners led by Miner's Union president George F. Baer
61
Anti Poverty Act
1964, act of war on poverty
62
Antietam
(AL), 1862, the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation
63
Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states
64
Arab-Israeli Peace Talks
(GB1) Israel and Arab Nations peace talks, in 1993 Oslo, Norway, PLO (arafat) promise peace with Israel (rabin), israel offer west bank on condition that Arafat commitment to losing side in Gulf war, extremists opposed peace, el-Sadat assassinated, Rabin killed
65
Article X
Part of Treaty of Versailles that created the League of Nations
66
Articles of Confederation
Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789
67
Assumption of States Debt
(GW) Plan by Hamilton meant to tie the states more securely to fed gov; states pay debt, created huge national debt, assumption bill. logrolling - one support another
68
Atlanta Compromise
Major speech on race-relations given by Booker T. Washington addressing black labor opportunities, and the peril of whites ignoring black injustice
69
Atlantic Compromise
product of a secret by FDR and Churchill; discussed post war aims and goals; advocated self determination of peoples
70
Baker vs Carr
(LBJ) 1962 Baker v. Carr, case decided in 1962 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Tennessee had failed to reapportion the state legislature for 60 years despite population growth and redistribution. Charles Baker, a voter, brought suit against the state (Joe Carr was a state official in charge of elections) in federal district court, claiming that the dilution of his vote as a result of the state's failure to reapportion violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that it could not decide a political question. Baker appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that a case raising a political issue would be heard. This landmark decision opened the way for numerous suits on legislative apportionment.
71
Bakke Decision
Major decision in which the court upheld the general principle of affirmative action
72
Banking Acts
(FDR) 1933, 1935 , AKA (Steagall Act) June 16. Separated commercial from investment banksing (recently overturned), established FDIC*** (Federal Deposit Insurance Corp) which guarantees deposits.
73
Battle of Bunker Hill
First great battle of the revolutionary war
74
Bay of Pigs
Kennedy approved and CIA sponsored invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles. Invasion failed, resulting in major humilation for Kennedy.
75
Berlin Wall
(HT), a wall separating East AKA People's Republic of Germany (controlled by Russia) and West Berlin AKA German Federal Republic (controlled by Britain, France, and America) built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West
76
Big stick diplomacy
International negotiations backed by the threat of force
77
Bill of Rights
Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.
78
Black Codes
Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments.
79
Black Panthers
Militant black power organization of the 1960s founded by Huey Newton.
80
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929-The day that the stock market crashed.
81
Bland Allison Act
(RBH) 1878 , 1878 law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices, no less than $2 million and no more than $4 million
82
Blue Law
a type of law restricting activities or sales of goods on Sunday, which had its roots in accommodating Christian Sunday worship, although it persists to this day more as a matter of tradition. The term blue law may have been first used by Reverend Samuel Peters in his book General History of Connecticut, which was first published in 1781, to refer to various laws first enacted by Puritan colonies in the 17th century which prohibited the selling of certain types of merchandise and retail or business activity of any kind on certain days of the week (usually Sunday).
83
Boston Massacre
British soldiers killed protestors of British rule. This increased the colonists inclination toward revolution.
84
Boston Tea Party
A "revolt" on the Tea Act passed by Parliament; Sons of Liberty dressed up like Indians raided English ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the harbor. Led to Coercive Acts. (1773)
85
Boxer Rebellion
(WMc) , A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.
86
Braceros
Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.
87
Brady Bill
(WJC) 1993; handgun violence prevention act; legislation that established a five-day waiting period for handgun purchases
88
Bretton Woods Conference
1944, (FDR) , The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.
89
British Orders in Council
A law passed by the English while fighting the French in 1793. The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies, but American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy, leading to the War of 1812.
90
British Proclamation of 1763
English law enacted after French and Indian War which forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. It helped spark the American revolution.
91
Brooks Sumner Incident
SC Congressman Brooks (pro-slavery) took a cane to MA Senator Sumner (abolitionist) after he insulted SC and slavery.
92
Browder vs. Gayle
(1956) Ended segregation in the public transportation system after the Montgomery Bus Boycott
93
Brown vs. Board of Education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
94
Buying Stocks on Margin
This is when you buy a stock with a small downpayment and say that you will pay the rest later because you don't have the money now. It's buying something with money you hope that you'll be getting in the future.
95
California enters Union
Entered as a free state as part of Compromise of 1850, threw off balance.
96
Calvin Coolidge
President in 1923. Worked to restrain growth of government and especially to interfere with private enterprise.
97
Camp David Accord
(JEC) 1979, Anwar el-Sadat (egypt), Menachem Begin (Israel) and Carter (US) talked about rejecting war, and also Israel agreed to return all of Sinai Peninsula to Egypt within three years, treaty signed in Washington
98
Carter's Energy Plan
(JEC) 1979, he wanted cut down on foreign oil supports and on American reliance on petroleum, alternate sources he wanted were solar power and synthetic gasoline, also (1) commit funds to develop alternative energy sources through windfall taxes, but sadly none of these happened.
99
Cash and Carry
countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans
100
Change in the Eighties
(RR), reduced the domestic funds of government by choking off its revenue, weakened civil rights enforcement, dealt with education (Willaim Bennett), rich benefited, poor didn't, women started working male jobs, rising benefits of social security, chidren had it worse, worked part time or temporary, but few or no benefits, North - computer industry, South - decline in manufacturing
101
Charles de Gaulle
He formed the French resistance movement in London immediately after the French surrender at Vichy. He was elected President of the Free French government in exile during the war and he was the first provisional president of France after its liberation.
102
Charles River Bridge vs Warren Bridge
1837) interest of community are above corporate rights case settled a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract
103
Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks
(FP) , Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks
104
Chatauqua Movement
American Adult educational movement which was popular through the 19th and 20th movements - brought people into communities to lecture
105
Cherokee Nation vs Georgia
(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"
106
Chesapeake Affair
The Chesapeake was boarded by the British, who forced the crew to sail on British ships. This is one of the more famous cases of impressment, and led to the War of 1812.
107
Child Labor Laws
Laws passed forbidding employment of children except in specific circumstances. Later Supreme Court ruled these unconstitutional. Later still 1930s, Fair Labor Standards Act upheld by the Court, banning employment of children in manufacturing jobs.
108
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Suspension of chinese immigration for fear they were driving down wages for whites. By 1902, Chinese immigration banned completely. Became eligible for citizenship in 1943.
109
Civil Rights Act
(LBJ) 1964 , LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employment, voting, or public accomodations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin, had to take literacy test
110
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Gave more rights to black people after the civil war
111
Civil Rights Movement
Movement in 50s and 60s to eliminate segregation and gain equal rights. Major moments were when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white person, MLK's 'I have a Dream Speech', the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and Fair Housing Act of 1968.
112
Civil Service Commission
A federal agency which regulates the hiring of government employees.
113
Civil Service Reform
(CAA) , Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government.
114
Civilian Conservation Corps
(FDR) 1933, , March 31, 1933; unemployment relief act; hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;
115
Clayton Antitrust Act
(WW) 1914, New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions, also made labor unions not dependent on antilaws
116
Clayton Bulwar Treaty
(MF) 1850, Both U.S. and England wanted to build a Panama Canal. This said that if either of us built it, we'd get the builder's permission to use it and would share the profits.
117
Clean Air Act
(RN), 1970 reaction to Rachel Carson in her 1962 in Silent Spring, It describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general. The legislation forced the country to enforce clean air standards to improve health and showed that American was moving towards certain environmentalist measures.
118
Clinton Impeachment
Impeached for perjury about Monica Lewinsky. Tried and acquitted by the Senate.
119
Coal Strike
(TR), 1902, , Coal mines of Pennsylvania. 140,000 workers, many illiterate immigrants had been frightfully exploited and accident plagued. Demanded a 20% increase in pay and reduction of the working day from 10 to 9 hours. Mine owners refused to negotiate., TR threatens to bring in troops, then they listened
120
Cohens vs Virginia
Supreme Court has right to review the decisions of all state supreme courts.
121
Cold War
(HT) 1946-1988, Churchill said it was a "iron curtain" between eastern and western Europe, A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years, US against Communism (containment)
122
Cold War Renewed
(RR), 1985, Reagan believe SALT II Treaty favored Soviet Union - evil, soon Mikhail Gorbachev party leadership, Reagan's view caused anxieties among America's Western European allies, antinuclear demonstrations in Europe start, the Yuri Andropov proposed arms reduction that he knew Reagan would reject, he wanted to corrupt Europe's and US's relations, but that didn't really work
123
Committee on Public Information
Was created to "sell" WWI to those people who were against it and gain support for it. To do this, men devlievered speeches and gave out pamphlets. It was headed by George Creel
124
Committees of Correspondence
Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and a few years later almost every colony had one.
125
Commonwealth vs Hunt
Labor unions ruled not illegal conspiracies, that methods were honorable and peaceful
126
Compromise of 1850
(MF) by Daniel Webster, California wanted to join the Union, but if California was accepted the North would gain control of the Senate, and Southerners threatened to secede from the Union. This compromise set up California joining the Union as a free state, New Mexico and Utah use popular sovereignty to decide the question of slavery, slave trading is banned in the nation's capital, The Fugitive Slave Law is passed, and the border between Texas and New Mexico was set.
127
Compromise of 1877
Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.
128
Compromise Tariff
Promised to gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of eight years.
129
Confederate States of America
the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861, Jefferson Davis, Montgomery, AL
130
Confiscation Act
Allowed Union to liberate those slaves used by the Confederacy for "insurrectionary purposes."
131
Congress of Racial Equality
1941-42 - Interracial until 1962, when it became predominately Black, after 1964, only Blacks were allowed to join. It concentrated on organizing votes for Black candidates and political causes, successful even in states like Mississippi and Alabama.
132
Congressional Reform
(GF) created the seniority system to appoint chairpersons of commitees, incease the size of the Ways and Means Committee from 25 to 37, and no member of other commitees could be chairperson of two major committes at the same time
133
Constitution
(1787-1989) The fundamental law of the US. Established strong central government in place of the Articles of Confederation
134
Constitutional Convention
The gathering that drafted the Constitution of the United States in 1787; all states were invited to send delegates. The convention, meeting in Philadelphia, designed a government with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It established Congress as a lawmaking body with two houses: each state is given two representatives in the Senate, whereas representation in the House of Representatives is based on population.
135
Consumer Protection Agency
(RN), influenced by Ralph Nader, effectively protected from fraud and deceit through law, enforced by govt agencies, attracted many lawyers and others to the cause
136
Containment
Truman policy to contain spread of Communism. Lead to the formation of NATO.
137
Contract with America
(WJC)Gingrich, President can delete specific items passed by the Congress, proposed constitutional amendment to limit the term of office was ignore, imposed federal mandates on states without providing the money
138
Controversial Visit Reagan
(RR), 1985 Regan visits German cemetry at Bitburg, graves of victims of Nazis
139
Coolies
Unskilled laborers from Asia in the 1800s to early 1900s who were sent to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Peru, North Africa, Sri Lanka and the West Indies. The term usually referred to Chinese, Indian, Japanese and Korean laborers and was often used in a derogatory way. In India, "coolie" refers to porters who work at railway stations. In Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and other parts of the Caribbean, as well as Sri Lanka and South Africa, the word is considered an offensive racial slur on par with "nigger." In the British Empire, a "coolie" was an indentured labourer with conditions resembling slavery. Chinese coolies contributed to the building of the Transcontinental Railroad in the United States, as well as the Canadian Pacific Railway in Western Canada, but many of the Chinese laborers were not welcome to stay after its completion. California's Anti-Coolie Act of 1862 and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 also contributed to the oppression of Chinese laborers in the United States.
140
Copperheads
(AL) , a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War, Vallandigham
141
Corrupt Bargain
The charge make by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office.
142
Council of Economic Advisors
This council was created by the Employment Act and was made to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power.
143
Coxey's Army
A band of unemployed people who marched to DC during the depression of 1894 under the leadership of Jacob S. Coxey. They urged the enactment of laws which would provide money without interest for public improvements to create work.
144
Credit Moblier Scandal
1872 - Union Pacific Railway created a ficticious construction company and hired itself to work (using government funds) - scandal broke loose and leaders attempted to bribe Congress with Union Pacific stock
145
Creel Committee
Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty
146
Crittenden Compromise
1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans
147
Crop Lien System
System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.
148
Cross of Gold Speech
Responsible for gaining Bryan popularity. To supporters of gold: "You shall not crucify mankind upon this cross of gold."
149
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khruschev put nuclear missiles in Cuba, Kennedy blockaded Cuba insisting they be removed, which they eventually were. Closest world came to direct confrontation of superpowers in Cold War
150
Cuban Policy
(LBJ) when Cuba cut off the water supply from America, so Johnson response was supply freshwater by tankers, he worried Castro he would continue U2 spy plans but Castro said he would shoot them, so US attempted to isolate and punish but critics criticized
151
Cult of Domesticity
Belief in Middle and Upper Classes in US and Britain - women embodied perfect virtues in all senses
152
Dartmouth College Case
1819 (JMon), contract, Daniel Webster, Jurisdictional dispute between the college's president and board of trustees led to a Supreme Court ruling favoring the educational freedom of private institutions (which is what colleges are considered to be)
153
Dawes Act
An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.
154
D-Day
June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
155
Declaration of Independence
The fundamental document establishing the US as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. Written largely by Jefferson. Declared principles upon which Revolutionary War was fought.
156
Declaratory Act
Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.
157
Dennis vs the US
In 1948, the Attorney General indicted two key Communist leaders for violation of the Smith Act of 1940 which prohibited conspiring to teach violent overthrow of the government. They were convicted in a 6-2 decision and their appeal was rejected.
158
Department of Labor and Commerce
Originally started in 1903 as the Department of Commerce and Labor, it was combined with the Bureau of Corporations in 1913 to create the Department of Labor. The Bureau of Corporations helped break the stronghold of monopolies.
159
Doctrine of Nullification
Expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it said that states could nullify federal laws.
160
Dollar Diplomacy
(WT) , President Taft's policy of building strong economic ties to Latin America. (Nicaragua, DR, Haiti, Virgin Islands)
161
Drago Doctrine
(TR) 1902 No nation should use force to collect debts unless debtor nation refused arbitration, Luis Drago
162
Dredd Scott Case
(JB) , Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south
163
Dust Bowl
A parched region of the Great Plains in OK, ARK, and TX, where a combination of drought and soil erosion created enormous dust storms in 1930s.
164
Dwight Eisenhower
Supreme Commander of Allied forces in WWII. Later organized NATO, President 1952-60, negotiated end of Korean War. Cold War.
165
Economic Growth and Deregulation
(RR) wanted free enterprise system, which would help pour revenue into the pockets of taxpayers, as a result, dismantled govt programs like Clean Air and Water Acts and OSHA, economic regulations Environmental Protection Agency, accused of making deals with industries, America doing well in Europe since they were good customers (huge trade surpluses), they had private saving ans invested in US Treasury bills, however downfall was unbalanced budgets
166
Eisenhower Doctrine
(DDE) 1957, , policy of the US that it would defend the middle east against attack by any communist country, Arab states said to leave Lebanon alone
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El Salvador Dilemma
(RR) 1979-1990, Civil war there, US and Pres. Jose Napoleon Duarte against leftist, but then soon death squads and threat leftist, two main problems (1) ones in power supported govt. in limit and (2) used power to delay and hurt agriculture, but soon guerilla attacks stopped after US invested money in El Salvador's newly privatized electrical markets
168
Electoral Count Act
As a belated result of the disputed election of 1876 involving Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes, the Electoral Count Act of 1887 placed the responsibility of deciding electoral disputes mainly on the states themselves. Congress now counts the votes (a mere formality) on Jan. 6.
169
Elkins Act
(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers
170
Emancipation Proclamation
(AL) , Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
171
Embargo Act
A law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Jefferson hoped to weaken the warring France and Britain by shutting off trade, but the act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It helped to revive the Federalists and caused New England's industry to grow. It was repealed in 1807 and eventually led to the War of 1812.
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Emergency Banking Relief Act
March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks. It gave the president power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks.
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Emergency Quota Act of 1921
1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let in only 2% of the number of people of that nationality that were allowed in in 1890.
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End of the Cold War
(GB1) was between end of WWII (1945 to 1990), two major wars in between were Korean and Vietnam, Gorbachev destroy Brezhnev policy (use military to keep Communism), US and Russia stop missile on each other
175
Ending Nuclear Testing
(WJC) us wouldn't test unless another nation did it first
176
Energy Crisis
(RN), following Yom Kippur War, so they planned to use Alaskian pipeline, but eventually went back to foreign
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Energy Problem 1979
(JEC), Iran revolution ended oil shipment, so in spring of 1979, gas and oil priced were raised
178
Environmental Protection Agency
(RN), 1970 an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment
179
Equal Rights Amendment
(RN) , in 1972 and 1988, constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
180
Era of "Good Stealings"
The 1870s-1890s was a dark period in American politics filled with corruption, which rivaled todays. Dubbed The Era of Good Stealings, the gilded age was arguably when politicians first recognized the seemingly deep pool of corporate money and also when many of them signed their souls over to the corporations.
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Era of Good Feelings
Period from 1815–1821 that followed the War of 1812 where the last Federalist candidate was defeated and the issues of slavery were emerging as a result of the Missouri Compromise. James Monroe defeated the last Federalist candidate in 1816, and won unopposed in 1820.
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Esch Cummins Act
(WW) 1920, railroads given to private operations, now US digresses from railroad and more into automobiles and ships
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Espionage Act and Sedition Act
Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy.
184
Ethics in Govt.
(GB1) main issue = larges fees for lobbying and weak laws governing campaign spending
185
Eugene vs Debs
Supreme Court case that upheld state restrictions on the working hours of women
186
Everglades Restoration Fund
(WJC) largest environmental operation ever, in Florida, buffer zones north and east
187
Excise Tax
(GW) a tax on certain items such as alcohol, tobacco, and gasoline.
188
Fair Employment Practices Commision
Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.
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Family and Medical Leave Act 1993
(WJC) company with more than 50 employees, allow 12 weeks of unpaid keave
190
Farmer's Alliance
Movement which focused on cooperation between farmers. They all agreed to sell crops at the same high prices to eliminate competition. Not successful.
191
FDIC
A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.
192
Federal Budget Deficit
(RR), hated big govt and wanted to cut taxes through offering increased defense spending, he was convinced that Soviet Union was a threat so he raised money for greater military like MX missile and Star Wars, this caused FBD (what govt took in and what it spent) of $200 billion, refused to support tax increases and refused lower social security benefits
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Federal Campaign Finance Law
(GF) (1) fines up to 10,000 for each violation of the law in a civil case, (2) PAC no more than 5000 per candidate
194
Federal Farm Board
(HH) , Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming.
195
Federal Reserve Act
(WW) , response to Panic , Regulated banking to help small banks stay in business. A move away from laissez-faire policies, it was passed by Wilson.
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Federal Reserve System
(WW) 1913 , independent agency in the federal executive branch. Established under the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve System ("Fed") is the central bank of the United States. One of the most powerful agencies in the government, it makes and administers policy for national credit and monetary policies. The Fed supervises and regulates bank functions across the country, thus maintaining a sound and stable banking industry, able to deal with a wide range of domestic and international financial demands
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Federal Securities Act
(FDR) 1933, 1934, , required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds
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Federal Trade Commission
(WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits
199
Federalist Papers
"This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.
- The Federalist #10 This essay from the Federalist Papers proposed setting up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy (anarchy, rise of factions which disregard public good)."
200
Fidel Castro
1959 - A band of insurgents led by Fidel Castro succeeded in overthrowing the corrupt government of Juan Baptista, and Cuba became Communist.
201
Filipino Insurrection
Emilio Aguinaldo led a Filipino movement for independence in 1896, and wrote constitution when Spain surrendered. When US received Philippines, they tried to fight again, but quickly gave up.
202
Fireside Chats
Series of informal radio addresses given by FDR to explain New Deal.
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First Bank of the US
(GW) 1791-1811, by Hamilton, came about strict vs loose construction
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First Protective Tariff
1816 (JM) In 1816, Congress passed the nation's first protective tariff. It was designed to protect textile factories, because the British were dumping cloth in the United States at bargain prices in their attempt to regain markets they had lost during the War of 1812.
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Fisk Gould Scandal
Jim Fisk and Jay Gould exploited US Treasury to benefit themselves. Exemplified corruption in America when proven guilty.
206
Five Power Pact
(WH) , (maintain status quo) An agreement on ship ratios between the US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy. For every five ships the US had, Britain would have five, Japan would have three, and France and Italy would each have 1.67. The major Pacific naval powers—Britain, Japan, and the United States—with some specific exceptions, agreed not to increase fortifications on their Pacific bases. This provision was included to help Japan overcome its reluctance to accept a smaller naval role.
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Food Administration
Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers
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Foraker Act
1900 Gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. In 1917 they got US citizenship.
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Force Act
The four Force Acts passed by the Congress of the United States shortly after the American Civil War helped protect the voting rights of African-Americans.
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Force Bill
1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
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Fordney McCumber Tariff
(WH) 1922, This tariff raised the tax on imports to its heights level- 60%
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Ford's Asian Trip
(GF) Ford and Brezhnev talked about continuing policy of detente, to prevent a third world war
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Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
1978. it was a reaction to the abuses of the Nixon whitehouse.
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Forest Reserve Act of 1891
(BH) Authorized the President to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves
215
Four Freedoms
Freedoms FDR said are worth fighting for: of speech, of worship, from want and from fear. Used to justify US involvement in WWII.
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Four Power Pact
(WH) , An agreement made by the United States, Britain, France, and Japan to not seek further Pacific expansion or increased naval strength in the region. The countries also agreed to respect the Pacific holdings of the other countries signing the agreement. The signatories agreed to consult each other in the event of a dispute over territorial possessions
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Fourteen Points
(WW) 1918, program for world peace, freedom of seas, removal of barriers to international trade, reduction of armaments
218
Franco-American Alliance
Negotiated by Ben Franklin, brought French into war on Americans' side. Helped determine outcome of war.
219
Free Enterprise and Competition
An economic system characterized by private ownership of property and productive resources, the profit motive to stimulate production, competition to ensure efficiency, and the forces of supply and demand to direct the production and distribution of goods and services.
220
Freeport Doctrine
During L-D debate, Lincoln asked if the people of a territory voted against slavery despite Supreme Court, who would prevail. Douglas said the people.
221
French and Indian War
Part of the Seven Years War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquians, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceded Florida to Britain, but received Louisiana in return.
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French Indochina
(DDE) a French colony that included Vietnam , Laos, and Cambodia, but Vietminh captured the French fortress of Dien Bien Phy, North was a Communist State, south independent, they wanted to resist of Communism
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Fuel Administration
(WW) , Harry Garfield, Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" and "gasless Sundays." The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war.
224
Fugitive Slave Act
A law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, which provided southern slaveholders with legal weapons to capture slaves who had escaped to the free states. The law was highly unpopular in the North and helped to convert many previously indifferent northerners to antislavery.
225
Fulbright scholarships
Scholarships for the exchange of students between US and other nations.
226
Funding at par
(GW)This meant that the federal government would pay off its debs at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country. Hamilton's establishment of this act gave the country much needed unity because it brought the states together under the centralized government. This made paper money essentially useless do to inflation.
227
Gadsen Purchase
(MF) 1853, $10 million land purchase in the desert of flat land for the Southern railroad completion in 1853. completes manifest destiny!
228
Gag Resolution
(MVB) 18-36-1844, Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives
229
Genet Affair
(GW), refused to give aid Washington objected to this French ministers plan to hire American Privateers to fight on the high seas for France and against England.
230
George H.W. Bush
President in 88, broke campaign pledge to not raise taxes, presided over the first Gulf War, lost to Clinton due to recession.
231
GI Bill
Law granting educational and other benefits to veterans.
232
Gibbons vs Ogden
Congress alone is allowed to control interstate commerce.
233
Gramm Rudman Act
(RR) , It provided automatic spending cuts, balancing budget act
234
Granger Laws
(GC) , Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional
235
Grenada Dilemma
(RR) 1983, America wanted to rid the communist pressure in Grenada, Castro threats revolution in the Americas, Organization of Eastern Carribean States ask for US intervention, America remain long enough to remove Cuba supported govt from power and stop civil war, major sucess, earned credibility throughout Caribbean Basin
236
Griswold vs Connecticut
1965 Court decision that overturned CT law making it illegal to use or disseminate information about contraceptives.
237
Grover Cleveland
President 1885 and 1893 (2 non-consecutive terms). Fought against corruption and tried to solve national financial problems.
238
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
(LBJ) , The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.
239
Hague Conference
(TR) , 1899 (first under McKinley) conference at which the Great Powers discussed arms reduction, demonstrated internationalism
240
Haiti Dilemma
(RR) 1990s, had 30 year dictatorship, soon ends, then Bertrand Aristide overthrows with military, and UN awith US use mandate to restore constituional rule and Aristide's presidency.
241
Harding Scandals
Major incidents of corruption in government that occurred while Harding was president. Most notable, lease of federally owned oil reserve land to private interests in return for bribes.
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Harry Truman
President 1945-1953 after FDR died in final months of WWII. Made decision to drop bomb on Japan. Enthusiastically supported the UN and put forward the Marshall Plan. Sent troops to support UN in Korean war.
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Hartford Convention
A secret convention of Federalists held in Hartford to discuss their party status and War of 1812. When they wrote their resolutions and considered secession, many viewed them as traitors, which ultimately led to the downfall of their party. (1814)
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Hawaiian Incident
(GC2) 1893, Queen Liliuokalani had Hawaii, Americans wanted land to grow sugar, Queen was deposed, US govt petitioned to annex Hawaii, but Cleveland against it, did it in favor of Queen, but it was annexed anyways in 1898
245
Hawley-Smoot Act
Tarriff act enacted in 1930, it imposed record tariffs to protect US companies. Some say it made the depression worse.
246
Hay Bunau Varillia Treaty
(TR) Panama allowed US a 10 mile strip of land, work down under the army of Colonel Gorgas and direction under Colonel Goethals. U.S. garantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama. Also called Hay Pauncefote Treaty
247
Haymarket Riot
Began in 1886 with a riot at the McCormick Harvester plant in Chicago where unionized workers were striking for shorter work days and then a few days later moved to Haymarket Square where a protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the previous day; resulted in several deaths.
248
Helsinki Accords
(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991
249
Henry Clay's American System
Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system
250
Hepburn Act
(TR) 1906, , Gives the ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates, finally giving the agency enforcement power
251
HMOS
(WJC) care come from large range of doctors and hospitals, large businesses and govt, trouble getting health care when needed, managed care sure patients get better, not sicker, he failed to reform nation's healthcare system
252
Home Owners Loan Act
(FDR) 1934, refinancing mortgages at lower rates, preventing foreclosure of home mortgages
253
HUAC
Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.
254
Immigration Act of 1965
(LBJ) law discontinued quota based on national origin
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Immigration Act of 1924
Set immigration quotas of 2 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation, based on the Census of 1890. Drastically cut immigration from south and east europe, as well as asia.
256
Immigration Act of 1986
In 1986, Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act, a comprehensive overhaul of immigration policy designed to nationalize all of the country's permanent inhabitants and prevent illegal entrance in the future. The bill granted temporary resident status to illegal aliens who had lived continuously in the United States since before January 1, 1982. With a basic understanding of English and American civics, these temporary residents could become permanent residents after 18 months. Illegal aliens who had lived in the United States for three years and worked at least 90 days each year in American agriculture could also claim temporary resident status and could become permanent residents three years after the bill's enactment if they worked in agriculture at least one more year. To discourage people from entering the country illegally, Congress authorized over $400 million per year for two years to the INS and strengthened penalties for knowingly hiring an illegal immigrant or smuggling illegal immigrants into the United States.
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Immigration Act of 1990
In 1990, Congress passed the Immigration Act, approving a substantial increase in immigration. The United States would now admit 700,000 new immigrants annually, up from 500,000 before the bill's passage. The new system continued to favor people with family members already in the United States, but added 55,000 "diversity visas" for countries from which few were emigrating as well as 40,000 permanent job-related visas and 65,000 temporary worker visas. Additional provisions strengthened the U.S. Border Patrol and altered language regarding disease restrictions in a way that permitted the secretary of Health and Human Services to remove AIDS from the list of illnesses making a prospective immigrant ineligible to enter the country.
258
Impeachment of Johnson
Congress, who strongly disliked Johnson, finally got it's chance to impeach him when he violated the Tenure of Office Act (even though it was unfair).
259
Income Tax Cut
(LBJ) 1964, income tax was reduced to some extent, cuts were made in govt. spending, armed forces installations were shut down
260
Independent Treasury Act
"Divorced" US government from banking. Passed in 1840 but was repealed by Whigs (who wanted to revive Bank of US) the next year.
261
Indian Removal Act
(1830): A law passed by Congress in order to facilitate the relocation of American Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands further west. It authorized President Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living within the boundaries of existing U.S. states. Resulted in the forcable movement of tens of thousands of native americans. The most well known was the Trail of Tears (1838), when 4,000 cherokees were killed during their forced relocation.
262
Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty
(RR), 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed treaty to eliminate Soviet and American medium range nuclear missiles, Soviet economy cut back on military, treaty was gain for the West, more critical problem was nuclear testing, first joint reduction, on site inspection for the first time.
263
International Trade Agreement
(WJC) Mickey Kantor, agreement in Tokyo, cut tariff to reduce consumer prices and raise living standards around the world, however didn't resolve tariff cuts on apparel and textiles, to achieve success, US had to open its border wider to foreign textiles
264
Interstate Highway Act
(DDE), now rapid growth of suburban housing, like Levitown, NY , 1956 law that authorized the speeding of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles oh highway. The scale of suburban growth would not have been remotely possible without a massive federal program of highway building. Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, President Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the Interstate system in 1953. Further legislation passed by Congress in 1956 resulted in the Interstate Highway Act. This consisted of multi lane expressways that would connect the nations major cities. Biggest public works expenditure in history even bigger than any New Deal program. The new highways eased commutes from suburbs to cities, boosted travel and vacation industries.
265
Intoloerable Acts
Intolerable Acts, passed in 1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress.
266
Iran-Contra Affair
Sale of arms to Iran in exchange for release of American hostages in Lebannon. Proceeds from sales illegally transferred to Contras.
267
Irreconcilables
Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations
268
Jay's Treaty
1794, It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restriction on the rights of neutrals.
269
Johnson Impeachment
(AJohn) fired someone who was on tenure, only republican, democrats looking for reason to get rid of him
270
Jones Act
(WW) 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.
271
Judiciary Act of 1789
It organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general's office. This Act created the judiciary branch of the U.S. government and thus helped to shape the future of this country.
272
Kansas-Nebraska Act
created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery within those territories
273
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children
274
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
1928 "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.
275
Kennedy Assassination
(JFK) , Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas 1963, LBJ took the oath of office
276
Kent State
National Guard killed 4 students who were demonstrating against the Vietnam war. Served to turn moderates against the war.
277
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Jefferson and Madison's response to Alien and Sedition Acts. Promoted states' right to nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional (1799)
278
Korean War
(HT) 1950-1953, division between US and Russia, UN formed a representative govt there, North Korean crossed the 38th parallel in force to South, so Truman order troops to Korea, sent MacArthur with UN forces, Mao Tse-tung (North Korea) was against the US, but MacArthur said he needed to to "end the war" offensive, but Red Chinese helped NK, MacArthur wanted to attack against but Truman said no, and MacArthur insulted Truman, so Truman got rid of him
279
Korematsu vs US
(1944) Japanese American was convicted of not reporting to internment camp. Court upheld the president's power to intern probable threats during wartime
280
Kyoto Accord
(WJC), multilateral environmental agreement which called on industrial nations to cut the discharge of harmful gases
281
Labor During Raegan
(RR) 1980s, decline in industrial unions and less factory workers, but more service industry personnel, United Auto Workers and United Mine Workers diminished contracts, gave up wages and benefits in exchange for greater job security, mostly made of the middle class.
282
Laissez Faire
(USG) , the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs
283
Lend Lease Act
(FDR) , 1941 March; Congress' act which allied the president to lend or sell war materials to any country he deemed vital to that country's defense, had to return things though, Taft was against, used "gum theory"
284
Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan)
Proclaimed a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and emancipation, and then formally erected a state government.
285
Lochner vs New York
Invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers, was later repealed. (1905)
286
London Economic Conference
In the summer of 1933, 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference. The delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. They sought to stabilize the values of various nations' currencies and the rates at which they could be exchanged. President Roosevelt, at first, agreed to send delegates to the conference, but had second thoughts after he realized that an international agreement to maintain the value of the dollar in terms of other currencies wouldn't allow him to inflate the value of the dollar. He declared that America wouldn't take place in the negotiations. Without support from the United States, the London Economic Conference fell apart. The collapse strengthened the global trend towards nationalism, while making international cooperation increasingly difficult.
287
LA Riots
(GB1) , Outbreak of violence in 1992 caused by the acquittal of four white policemen of beating an African American = Rodney King, motorist in Los Angeles
288
Lowell System
Guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boardinghouses, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events.
289
Lynch Law
The punishment of supposed criminals, especially by hanging, by agreement of a crowd. Used in the West as a way of maintaining minimum law and order before courts set up.
290
Macon Act
(JM), 1810, The Macon Bill stated that if either Britain or France agreed to observe the neutrality of the United States, the US would resume trading with that country and continue the embargo on the other. The French soon agreed to American demands.
291
Lyndon B Johnson
President 1963-69. Became president when Kennedy assassinated. Guided Kennedy's New Frontier, including Voting Rights Act of 1965. His domestic program was the Great Society. Sharp buildup of forces in Vietnam.
292
Mann-Elkins Act
Further extended the regulatory ability of the ICC by letting it regulate cable and wireless companies dealing with telephone and telegraph lines.
293
Marbury vs Madison
1803 (TJ) , The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789
294
Maryland Toleration Act
A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland. Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland, and this protected the Catholics from Protestant rage of sharing the land. Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.
295
Marshall Plan
Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.
296
Maysville Road Veto
Jackson withheld funds from localized roads and vetoed a bill for improving the Maysville Road (local road connected to interstate). This was a great setback for the internal improvements of the American society.
297
McCulloch vs Maryland
Ruled state has no right to control an agency of the federal government.
298
McKinley Tariff Act
A highly protective tariff passed in 1880. So high it caused a popular backlash which cost the Republicans votes.
299
Meat Inspection Act
Response to "The Jungle," created strict sanitary requirements for meat, began a quality rating system, and provisioned for a federal department to inspect meat.
300
Military Reconstruction Act
Imposed martial law on the South, called for new state constitutional conventions, forced the states to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates, and required each state to ratify 14th Amendment and sent its constitution to Congress for approval.
301
Militia Movements of the 1990s
Self-sytled militias in western states who mix racism with anti-semitism and conspiracy theories and hostility towards any government.
302
Monroe Doctrine
Statement that the US would not tolerate intervention by European nations in the affairs of nations in the Americas.
303
Moscow Conference
1943, (FDR), US, GB, and USSR, talked about principle of sovereign
304
Muller vs Oregon
1908 Ruled laws to protect women workers were constitutional.
305
Munn vs Illinois
(1877) United States Supreme Court Case that ended up allowing states to regulate business within their borders, including railroads
306
My Lai Massacre
Massacre by US soldiers of innocent villagers during Vietnam. Became a symbol for those opposed to the war in Vietnam.
307
National Banking System
(AL) , Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. (North)
308
National Consumers League
Made female consumers push for laws safeguarding women and children in the work place.
309
National Housing Act
(FDR) 1934 , June 28, 1934- It created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. It was designed to stop the tide of bank foreclosures on family homes, it instead gave loans
310
National Housing Act #2
(FDR) 1937 , 1937-Wagner=Sponser. Rasied $500mill for urban slum clearance & public housing projects
311
National Industrial Recovery Act
(FDR) 1933, focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA, established Public Works Administration and National Recovery Administration to help economic recovery from Great Depression; NRA was ruled unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry v. US
312
National Labor Relations Act
(FDR) A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-management relations. *, Made sure workers were treated and payed well and not getting abused by their business. *this law created the National Labor Relations Board to enforce the law and supervise shop elections
313
National War Labor Board
Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes.
314
National Youth Administration
(FDR) , (NYA)1935, provided education jobs counseling and recreation for young people. part time positions at schools for students allowed for aid in h.s. college and grad school. part time jobs for drop outs
315
NATO
Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter.
316
Naturalization Act
1798, (JA) Act that increased the time to become a US citizen from 5 to 14 years
317
Navigation Acts
The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws which, beginning in 1651, restricted foreign shipping. Resentment against the Navigation Acts was a cause of the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the American Revolutionary War.
318
Neutrality act 1935
(FDR) , reaction from Italy's act on Ethopia, no selling arms, The 1935 act, signed on August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months
319
Neutrality Act 1936
(FDR) forbade loans or credit for belligerents
320
Neutrality Act 1937
(FDR) The Neutrality Act of 1937, passed in May, included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Further, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations, however private ships can come at on risk
321
Neutrality Act 1939
(FDR) European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position
322
Neutrality Proclamation
Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria, and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.
323
New Deal
Program of FDR to get out of Great Depression. Included Social Security System, Tennessee Valley Authority and Works Progress Administration
324
New Economic Policy
(RN), Phase 1, at least 90 days, phase 2, wage and price controls for 90 day period, rate of inflation incresae of 2% to 3%. wage gains through collective bargaining were cut of labor members, which was unfair since there were no provisions for cutting profits.
325
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.
326
New Frontier
JFK's slogan to describe his goals and policies, in particular equality of opportunity for all.
327
New Immigration
The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; between 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.
328
New Nationalism
Theo Roosevelt's system in which the government would coordinate economic activity - government would regulate business
329
Newlands Reclamation Act
Insured that all natural resources would be managed by experts. Funding came from public-land sales and was used to build irrigation projects.
330
Nicaragua Dilemma
(RR), 1979, Sandinistas took over, Reagan no look, so he hired Contras, but Congress didn't want another Vietnam, however later found out the US govt was in Nicaragua's harbors trying to cripple its economy, and soon many became concerned whether it would make Soviet Union mad and strain European relations, so Congress voted to cut off military
331
Nine Power Pact
(WH) , Signed by the United States, France, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, Belgium, China, Netherlands, and Portugal. This treaty, created during the Washington Naval Conference, was third in a set of three treaties created during the conference. These treaties were all ways that President Harding tried to keep the Untied States isolated. The Treaty made the open door policy international law. The United States and Japan replaced Great Britain and Russia as major powers in the south Pacific
332
Nixon's War on Inflation
(RN), 1971, no longer held long-held position against govt controls, now prices were frozen, dollar no longer valued as gold, it became floating dollar, federal jobs cuts
333
Non intercourse act, Force Act
Replaced Embargo Act, if either Britian or France repealed their restrictions on US trade, US would embargo other.
334
Northwest Ordinance
The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. He ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation
335
Northern Securities Co. vs US
Upheld Roosevelt's antitrust suit, ordered the Northern Securities Co. to be dissolved. Jolted Wall Street, angered big business, increased Roosevelt's popularity.
336
NCS-68
The National Security Council Memorandum #68 said the that US should quadruple defense spending. This marked a major step in the militarization of America's foreign policy and reflected a sense of almost limitless possibility that pervaded postwar American society.
337
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign
338
Nullification
The doctrine that states can set aside federal laws championed by Calhoun. Foreshadowed Jefferson's draft of the Kentucky Resolutions
339
Nullification Crisis
Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate
340
Oklahoma City Bombing
Destruction of Federal office building in OK by Timothy McVeigh. Most significant act of domestic terrorism.
341
Open Door Notes
Policy that explained the importance of American commercial influence on foreign policies, but urged world powers to respect Chinese rights and ideal of fair competition.
342
Open Door Policy
(WMc), Caleb Cushing said US had right of China, John Hay , A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
343
Operation Desert Shield
(GB1) Bush place embargo on Iraq, put miltary in Saudi, West Europe and Arabs now against Iraq
344
Operation Desert Storm
(GB1) , Deadlines pass and Sadam doesnt move. Op desert shield becomes operation desert storm. Phases of the war = 1-air attack on Sadam 2-troops push him out of Kuwait.
345
Operation Just Case
(GB1) Dec.1989;Bush's invasion of Panama
346
Operation Overload
(FDR) , Name given to the planned Allied invasion of France
347
Operation Rolling Thunder
A full-scale bombing attack against North Vietnam. There were approximately 184,000 Americans involved.
348
Ostend Manifesto
(FP) 1854, a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S., found out, Pierce repudiated
349
Palmer Raids
The 1918's and 1921's Palmer Raids were a series of controversial raids on American citizens and resident and non-resident aliens in the United States, based on their assumed political beliefs. The raids are named for Alexander Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General under Woodrow Wilson. Palmer stated his belief that Communism was "eating its way into the homes of the American workman," and that Socialists were responsible for most of the country's social problems.
350
Panama Canal
(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Colombians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.
351
Panama Canal Treaty
(JEC), decision whether extend for a considerable period or exterminate, decided the latter since he didn't want bitter relations with Panama
352
Panay Incident
(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.
353
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. It featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812. The worst of the crisis was over by 1824.
354
Panic of 1837
(MVB) , When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
355
Panic of 1873
(USG) , Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver
356
Panic of 1893
(GC2), Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.
357
Panic of 1907
The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. The severity of the downturn was such that it prompted the United States Congress to form the Federal Reserve System. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. Money became extremely tight. A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. Complete ruin of the national economy was averted when J.P. Morgan stepped in to meet the crisis. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. Within a few weeks the panic passed, with only minimal effects on the country. By February 1908, confidence in the economy was restored.
358
Peace in Nicaragua
(GB1) 5 central american countries end the civil war their, violeta chamotto won presidency over sadinistas in 1990, now free to farm land
359
Pearl Harbor
(FDR) , 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.
360
Peggy Eaton Affair
Scandal that involved Jackson's Secretary of War Eaton and his wife, Peggy, the daughter of a boardinghouse keeper.
361
Pendleton Civil Service Act
(1883): Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based.
362
Pentagon Papers
Classified study of Vietnam war leaked to the NYT. Supreme court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents.
363
Persian Gulf War
(GB1), 1991, a war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders
364
Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy
(WT) Pinchot found out that Ballinger had taken a series of 'no-bid' contracts out (to friends, with the promise of substantial kickbacks to Ballinger) companies intent on mining coal on federally protected land. Pinchot went to Taft, Teddy Roosevelts hand picked successor, and informed him. Taft basically told Pinchot that it was ok, and that the contracts would be allowed to stand. This caused a heated argument between Pinchot and Taft with Pinchot getting fired by the President.
365
Platt Amendment
(WMc) 1) Cuba makes no treaty with others if in endangers independence 2) can't borrow money if they can't pay back 3)US can get involved with Cuba affairs 4)US has navy there
366
Plessy vs Ferguson
Established the 'separate but equal doctrine' that segregation was legal. Later overturned in Brown vs. Board of Education.
367
Political Action Committee
(FDR), committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates
368
Portsmouth Treaty
(TR) , 1905, Roosevelt and representatives from Russia and Japan work out treaty, Japan takes over Korea, Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize
369
Presidential Succession Act
(HT) , allowed for the speaker of the house to take over as president if there is no vice president
370
Problems in Africa Reagan
(RR), drought and famine = US humanitarian efforts, apartheid = Americans apartheid, soon Nelson Mandela (opposed apartheid) released by F.W. de Klerk, soon got Nobel Prize and became president
371
Problems in Middle East Reagan
(RR), American Marines Lebanon suffered losses but Muslim groups, so Americans teamed up with Israeli to evacuate the Marines, Israel announced withdrawal of troops and Jerusalem conceded, Operation Peace for Galilee ended PLO attacks from Lebanon, Israel under American pressure to improve its economic performance to get their assistance, then TWA jetliners was hijacked by Lebanese Shiite Muslim demanding Israel to release 700 Muslim hostages, so Reagan faced AMal militamen and Party of God, soon successful negotiations with Syria and Lebanon, but now start terrorist attacks
372
Public Works Administration
(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.
373
Puerto Rico, Samoa, Guam
Islands (along with the Philippines) given to the US for $20 million from Spain after Treaty of Paris.
374
Pure Food and Drug Act
(TR) 1906 , 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
375
Quarantine Speech
(FDR) 1937, , The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.
376
Reaganomics
(RR) The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side(cut income taxes), and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth, umemployed started going back to work
377
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934
It was designed to lower the tariff, and it aimed at both relief and recovery. The president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same. During these years of trade agreements, U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically. The act paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system that took shape after WWII.
378
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the south and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district. Law that threw out the southern state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
379
Relief and Construction Act
(HH) $3 billion towards public works of a self-liquidating type (once completed, would bring revenue to pay for itself)
380
Russo-Japanese War
War between two foriegn powers that Roosevelt helped negiotate a peace treaty for, and recieved a Nobel Peacy Prize for his work
381
SALT
(RN), Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- A pact that served to freeze the numbers of long-range nuclear missles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U.S.), China, and the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since World War II.
382
SALT II
(JEC) 1979, Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.
383
HUD Scandal
(GB1) former top officials milked low income housing rehab programs by selling their services as "consultants" to developers seeking valuable contracts, $5.7 million been paid in "consulting fees", 20 recipients, Jack Kemp investigates
384
Sherman Antitrust Act
Federal law passed in 1890s against Monopolies. Used against Standard Oil and American Tobacco Company.
385
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Forced the treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver each month. However, the price of silver did not rise and precious gold was being drained away from the treasury while cheap silver piled up. Led to panic of 1893 and was repealed.
386
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(DDE), A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
387
Sputnik
October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.
388
Square Deal
Name of TR's programs of reform. Focused on busting trusts, gov't regulation of big biz, fair chance for labor, and environmental conservation
389
1987 Stock Market Crash
(RR) 1987, due to use of computerized program trading in stocks and stock-index futures by a few large institutional investors, however spring of 1988 steady growth but many jobs were lost
390
Summit Conference in China
(RN), America opposed entrance to UN of Mao-Tse-tung's Communist People's Republic of China, however they saw Kai-shek's Nationalist China on island of Taiwan, but Nixon relaxed restrictions, also on trade, and US support People's Republic of and General Assembly did to, and also expelled Nationalist China, from the UN, also after Nixon returned from China, Okinawa Island was returned to Japan, but US retained its military base there.
391
Taft-Hartley Act
Major law concerning labor passed in 1947. Was reversal of pro-labor policies of FDR.
392
Tax Reform Act
(RR) 1986, wanted to lower taxes (progressive taxes), however impossible since lower rates was to be made up by losing previous tax loopholes. richest however didn't suffer that much, only paid 28 not 33 percent.
393
Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997
(WJC) Pres and Republicans agree to balanced federal budget, provide first federal tax, expanded coverage to uninsured children, helped with 70 billion, but failed with SS and Medicare
394
Tehran Conference
(FDR) December, 1943, a meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace
395
Teller Resolution
(WMc) Congress granted the president the power to liberate Cuba, stating that the United States intended only to free Cuba from tyranny
396
Tennessee Valley Authority
(FDR) 1933, , A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
397
Tenure of Office Act
1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet (Johnson violated, led to impeachment)
398
National Recovery Administration
It was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. there were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representatives in bargaining.
399
Berlin Wall
1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.
400
Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.
401
FHA
1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.
402
Hitler-Stalin Pact of 1939
On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression treaty with Hitler. The Hitler-Stalin pact meant that Germany could make war on Poland and the Western democracies without fear of retaliation from the Soviet Union.
403
Marshall Plan
(HT) , 1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild
404
National Security Act of 1947
1947 - Created the cabinet post of Secretary of Defense, the CIA, and the National Security Council. 1949 - Created NATO.
405
Social Security Act
One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.
406
Voting Rights Act
Passed by Congress in 1965, it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before.
407
Yalta Agreement
February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.
408
Teddy Roosevelt
President 1901 to 1909. Lead the Rough Riders in Spanish-American war. Upheld many of the interests of the Progressive Movement. Was a Trust Buster. Said needed to 'walk softly but carry a big stick.' Received Nobel prize for negotiating peace in Russo-Japanese war. Began construction of the Panama Canal.
409
3 Mile Island
Location of a nuclear power plant accident in 1979. Caused panic and intense criticism of nuclear power programs in general.
410
US vs Butler
(FDR) 1936 as a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional.
411
US vs Knight Co
(1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controlled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
412
Urban Riots
(LBJ) , large scale rioting, summer 1966 and 1967, so Pres appointed National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, said democracy to all citizen, adequate financing by both the federal and local govt.
413
Vietnam War
1954-1975. North tried to take over the South with help of Viet Cong. Eisenhower and Kennedy sent advisors, Johnson sent half a million troops. Tet offensive and My Lai massacre severe set back. Nixon and Kissinger negotiated cease fire and withdrawal. Lead to severe division of American society at home.
414
Wabash vs Illinois
1886 - Stated that individual states can control trade in their states, but cannot regulate railroads coming through them. Congress has exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. States cannot regulate or place restrictions on businesses which only pass through them, such as interstate transportation.
415
War on Drugs
(GB1), William Bennett as there was a dramatic increase in drug use, and demand for illegal drugs, especially "crack" cocaine, political figures of both parties spoke heatedly about the need for a "war on drugs", but government efforts to stop drug imports and reduce demand had little effect.
416
Wesberry vs Sanders
(LBJ) 1964 , One person, one vote (in redistricting for federal elections, each congressional district was to be approximately the same) In Georgia, the 5th district had 3 to 4 times more people than did the other districts.
417
Woodrow Wilson
President 1912-21. Initially opposed involvement in WWI, but later drawn in so 'the world may be made safe for democracy.' Created his 14 points for peace, encouraged creation of the League of Nations. Senate refused entry. Won Nobel prize.
418
Worcester v Georgia
Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it
419
22nd Amendment
(1951): Limits president to two terms.
420
23rd Amendment
(1961): Grants presidential electors to the District of Columbia.
421
24th Amendment
(1964): Prohibits the federal government and the states from requiring the payment of a tax as a qualification for voting for federal officials. (poll taxes)
422
25th Amendment
(1967): Changes details of presidential succession, provides for temporary removal of president, and provides for replacement of the vice president.
423
26th Amendment
(1971): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using an age greater than 18 as a qualification to vote.
424
27th Amendment
(1992): Limits congressional pay raises. Was one of original 12 bill of rights.
425
2nd Amendment
Right to keep and bear arms.
426
3rd Amendment
Protection from quartering of troops
427
4th Amendment
Protection from unreasonable search and seizure.
428
5th Amendment
Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, private property.
429
6th Amendment
Trial by jury, speedy trial, and other rights of the accused.
430
7th Amendment
Civil trial by jury.
431
8th Amendment
Prohibition of excessive bail, as well as cruel or unusual punishment.
432
9th Amendment
Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights.
433
"A man's home is his castle."
"A proverbial expression that illustrates the principle of individual privacy, which is fundamental to the American system of government. In this regard, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution part of the Bill of Rights prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.
Disagreement over the extent of personal privacy and over interpretation of unreasonable has brought many cases before the Supreme Court."
434
A1, Section 1 Constitution
Section 1 establishes the name of the Legislature to be The Congress, a bicameral, or two-part, body.
435
A1, Section 2 Constitution
Section 2 defines the House of Representatives, known as the lower house of Congress. It establishes a few minimum requirements, like a 25-year-old age limit, and establishes that the people themselves will elect the members for two years each. The members of the House are divided among the states proportionally, or according to size, giving more populous states more representatives in the House. The leader of the House is the Speaker of the House, chosen by the members.
436
A1, Section 3 Constitution
Section 3 defines the upper house of Congress, the Senate. Again, it establishes some minimum requirements, such as a 30-year-old age limit. Senators were originally appointed by the legislatures of the individual states, though this later changed. They serve for six years each. Each state has equal suffrage in the Senate, meaning that each state has the exact same number of Senators, two each, regardless of the population. This Section introduces the Vice-President, who is the leader of the Senate (called the President of the Senate); the Vice-President does not vote unless there is a tie.
437
A1, Section 4 Constitution
Section 4 says that each state may establish its own methods for electing members of the Congress, and mandates, or requires, that Congress must meet at least once per year.
438
A1, Section 5 Constitution
Section 5 says that Congress must have a minimum number of members present in order to meet, and that it may set fines for members who do not show up. It says that members may be expelled, that each house must keep a journal to record proceedings and votes, and that neither house can adjourn without the permission of the other.
439
A1, Section 6 Constitution
Section 6 establishes that members of Congress will be paid, that they cannot be detained while traveling to and from Congress, that they cannot hold any other office in the government while in the Congress.
440
A1, Section 7 Constitution
Section 7 details how bills become law. First, any bill for raising money (such as by taxes or fees) must start out in the House. All bills must pass both houses of Congress in the exact same form. Bills that pass both houses are sent to the President. He can either sign the bill, in which case it becomes law, or he can veto it. In the case of a veto, the bill is sent back to Congress, and if both houses pass it by a two-thirds majority, the bill becomes law over the President's veto. This is known as overriding a veto. There are a couple more options for the President. First, if he neither vetoes a bill nor signs it, it becomes a law without his signature after 10 days. The second option is called a pocket veto. It occurs if Congress sends the bill to the President and they then adjourn. If the President does not sign the bill within 10 days, it does not become law.
441
A1, Section 8 Constitution
Section 8 lists specific powers of Congress, including the power to establish and maintain an army and navy, to establish post offices, to create courts, to regulate commerce between the states, to declare war, and to raise money. It also includes a clause known as the Elastic Clause which allows it to pass any law necessary for the carrying out of the previously listed powers.
442
A1, Section 9 Constitution
Section 9 places certain limits on Congress. Certain legal items, such as suspension of habeas corpus, bills of attainder, and ex post facto laws are prohibited. No law can give preference to one state over another; no money can be taken from the treasury except by duly passed law, and no title of nobility, such as Prince or Marquis, will ever be established by the government.
443
A1, Section 10 Constitution
Section 10, finally, prohibits the states from several things. They cannot make their own money, or declare war, or do most of the other things prohibited Congress in Section 9. They cannot tax goods from other states, nor can they have navies.
444
A2, Section 1 Constitution
Section 1 establishes the office of the President and the Vice-President, and sets their terms to be four years. Presidents are elected by the Electoral College, whereby each state has one vote for each member of Congress. Originally, the President was the person with the most votes and the Vice-President was the person with the second most, though this is later changed. Certain minimum requirements are established again, such as a 35-year minimum age. Presidents must also be a natural-born citizen of the United States. The President is to be paid a salary, which cannot change, up or down, as long as he in is office.
445
A2, Section 2 Constitution
Section 2 gives the President some important powers. He is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and of the militia (National Guard) of all the states; he has a Cabinet to aid him, and can pardon criminals. He makes treaties with other nations, and picks many of the judges and other members of the government (all with the approval of the Senate).
446
A2, Section 3 Constitution
Section 3 establishes the duties of the President: to give a state of the union address, to make suggestions to Congress, to act as head of state by receiving ambassadors and other heads of state, and to be sure the laws of the United States are carried out.
447
A2, Section 4 Constitution
Section 4 briefly discusses the removal of the President, called impeachment.
448
A3, Section 1 Constitution
Section 1 establishes the Supreme Court, the highest court in the United States. It also sets the terms of judges, of both the Supreme Court and lower courts: that they serve as long as they are on "good behavior," which usually means for life (no Justice and only a few judges have ever been impeached). It also requires that judges shall be paid.
449
A3, Section 2 Constitution
Section 2 sets the kinds of cases that may be heard by the federal judiciary, which cases the Supreme Court may hear first (called original jurisdiction), and that all other cases heard by the Supreme Court are by appeal. It also guarantees trial by jury in criminal court.
450
A3, Section 3 Constitution
Section 3 defines, without any question, what the crime of treason is.
451
A4, Section 1 Constitution
Section 1 mandates that all states will honor the laws of all other states; this ensures, for example, that a couple married in Florida is also considered married by Arizona, or that someone convicted of a crime in Virginia is considered guilty by Wyoming.
452
A4, Section 2 Constitution
Section 2 guarantees that citizens of one state be treated equally and fairly like all citizens of another. It also says that if a person accused of a crime in one state flees to another, they will be returned to the state they fled from. This section also has a clause dealing with fugitive slaves that no longer applies.
453
A4, Section 3 Constitution
Section 3 concerns the admittance of new states and the control of federal lands.
454
A4, Section 4 Constitution
Section 4 ensures a republican form of government (which, in this case, is synonymous with "representative democracy," and both of which are opposed to a monarchical or aristocratic scheme - the state derives its power from the people, not from a king or gentry) and guarantees that the federal government will protect the states against invasion and insurrection.
455
Abbington Vs. Schempp
prohibited devotional bible reading in schools
456
Activist approach
The view that judges should discern the general principles underlying the Constitution and its often vague language and assess how best to apply them in contemporary circumstances, in some cases with the guidance of moral or economic philosophy. (Ch. 14)
457
Administrative Adjudication
A quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes
458
adversary system
a system of law where the court is seen as a neutral area where disputants can argue the merits of their cases.
459
affirmative action
government-mandated programs that seek to create special employment opportunities for african americans, women, and other victims of past discrimination.
460
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, prohibits employment discrimination against persons 40 years of age or older. The law also sets standards for pensions and benefits provided by employers and requires that information about the needs of older workers be provided to the general public.
461
American Legion
The largest organization of American veterans, open to those who participated in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, and subsequent conflicts, such as America's war on terrorism. The American Legion has established an influential political position, gaining support in Congress and the federal executive branch for veterans interests; its efforts contributed to the creation of the Veterans Administration, now the Department of Veterans Affairs, which provides medical services and other benefits to veterans and their families. Traditionally conservative, the American Legion promotes patriotism and a strong military defense. (See also Veterans of Foreign Wars.)
462
Americans with Disabilities Act (1991)
Act that required employers, schools, and public buildings to reasonably accommodate the physical needs of handicapped individuals by providing such things as ramps and elevators with appropriate facilities.
463
antitrust legislation
federal laws that try to prevent a monopoly from dominating an industry and restraining trade (examples: Sherman Act of 1890)
464
Appellate jurisdiction
Courts that have the right to review cases from lower courts on appeal. The highest federal court, the Supreme Court, is the final court of appeal.
465
Appropriation bill
Congressional legislation that has spending as a basic characteristic. There are 13 appropriation bills that make up the federal budget.
466
Article 7, Constitution
Article 7 details the method for ratification, or acceptance, of the Constitution: of the original 13 states in the United States, nine had to accept the Constitution before it would officially go into effect.
467
Articles of Confederation
The United States' first constitution. The government formed by the Articles of Confederation lasted from 1781 (the year before the end of the Revolutionary War) to 1789. The government under the Articles proved inadequate, because it did not have the power to collect taxes from the states, nor could it regulate foreign trade in order to generate revenue from import and export tariffs.
468
Articles of Impeachment
The specific charges brought against a president or federal judge by the House
469
Ashcroft Vs. ACLU
Child Online Protection Act was unconstitutional as a violation of the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech.
470
attorney general of the United States
The head of the United States Department of Justice and a member of the president's cabinet. The attorney general is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government
471
Australian ballot
A government-printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public. (Ch. 6)
472
Baker Vs. Carr
Ordered state legislative districts to be as near to equal in population as possible. "one man one vote"
473
Bakke decision
(BAK-ee) An important ruling on affirmative action given by the Supreme Court in 1978. Allan Bakke, a white man, was denied admission to a medical school that had admitted black candidates with weaker academic credentials. Bakke contended that he was a victim of racial discrimination. The Court ruled that Bakke had been illegally denied admission to the medical school, but also that medical schools were entitled to consider race as a factor in admissions. The Court thus upheld the general principle of affirmative action.
474
Blanket Primary
A primary in which voters may cast ballots in either party's primary (but not both) on an office-by-office basis
475
broad constructionism
Belief that the Constitution should be interpreted loosely concerning the restrictions it places on federal power. Loose constructionists emphasize the importance of the elastic clause.
476
Buckley Vs. Valeo
campaign spending--legislators can limit contributions but one can spend their own money as much as they want (donation caps)
477
Budget deficit
A situation in which the government spends more money than it takes in from taxes and fees. (Ch. 16)
478
Budget resolution
A proposal submitted by the House and Senate budget committees to their respective chambers recommending a total budget ceiling and a ceiling for each of several spending areas (such as health or defense) for the current fiscal year. These budget resolutions are intended to guide the work of each legislative committee as it decides what to spend in its area. (Ch. 16)
479
Budget surplus
A situation in which the government takes in more money than it spends. (Ch. 16)
480
Bully pulpit
The ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept legislative proposals.
481
Bureau of the Public Debt?
An agency in the Treasury department that issues US Bonds.
482
Bush Vs. Gore
use of 14th amendment equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in 2000
483
Cabinets of the executive branch
State, Treasury, Defense, Attorney General, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, HUD, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security
484
Capitol Hill
A hill in Washington, D.C., on which the United States Capitol building sits. The House of Representatives and the Senate meet in the Capitol.
485
Categorical grants
Federal grants for specific purposes defined by federal law: to build an airport, for example, or to make welfare payments to low-income mothers. Such grants usually require that the state or locality put up money to "match" some part of the federal grants, though the amount of matching funds can be quite small. See also Grants-in-aid; Block grants
486
Central Intelligence Agency
U.S. espionage and information-gathering agency. The CIA operates overseas, monitoring the activities of U.S. enemies and potential enemies.
487
Circular structure
A method of organizing a president's staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the president. (Ch. 12)
488
civil rights act of 1964
federal law that made segregation illegal in most public places, increased penalties and sentences for those convicted of discrimination in employment, and withheld federal aid from schools that discriminated on the basis of race or gender.
489
Civil rights act of 1968
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex, (and as amended) handicap and family status. It also provided protection for civil rights workers. Title VIII of the Act is also known as the Fair Housing Act (of 1968) .
490
Civil rights act of 1991
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States statute that was passed in response to a series of United States Supreme Court decisions limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The Act also represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases: it provided for the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims and introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages, while limiting the amount that a jury could award.
491
Civil Service Laws
These acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition
492
Clean Water Act
Passed in 1987, this law established safe drinking standards and creates penalties for water polluters.
493
Clear Air Act (1970)
Law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry.
494
clear and present danger test
interpretation by justice Oliver Wendell Holmes regarding limits on free speech if it presents clear and present danger to the public or leads to illegal actions; for example, one cannot shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater.
495
Clientele Agencies
Executive departments directed by law to foster and promote the interests of a specific segment or group in the US population (such as the Department of Education)
496
Client politics
The politics of policy-making in which some small group receives the benefits of the policy and the public at large bears the costs. Only those who benefit have an incentive to organize and press their case. (Ch. 15, 17)
497
Clinton Vs. NY
Banned presidential use of line item veto
498
Closed rule
An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate and forbids a particular bill from being amended on the legislative floor. See also Open rule; Restrictive rule (Ch. 11)
499
cloture
a procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate (if three fifths of the total number of the Senate [60 of 100] vote in favor of cloture, no senator may speak on the measure under consideration for more than one hour)
500
Coattail Effect
The tendency of lesser-known or weaker candidates lower on the ballot to profit in an election by the presence on the party's ticket of a more popular candidate
501
COINTELPRO
COINTELPRO is an acronym (Counter Intelligence Program) for a program of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation aimed at investigating and disrupting dissident political organizations within the United States. Although covert operations have been employed throughout FBI history, the formal COINTELPRO operations of 1956-1971 were broadly targeted against organizations that were (at the time) considered to have politically radical elements, ranging from those whose stated goal was the violent overthrow of the US government (such as the Weathermen) to non-violent civil rights groups such as Martin Luther King Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference to racist and segregationist groups like the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party. COINTELPRO began in 1956 and was designed to "increase factionalism, cause disruption and win defections" inside the Communist Party U.S.A.
502
Collective security
Agreement to form through treaties mutual defense arrangements, such as NATO, which guarantee that if one nation is attacked, other nations will come to its defense.
503
Command-and-control strategy
A strategy to improve air and water quality, involving the setting of detailed pollution standards and rules.
504
Concurrent resolution
An expression of congressional opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and Senate but not of the president. Used to settle housekeeping and procedural matters that affect both houses. See also Simple resolution; Joint resolution
505
Congressional Medal of Honor
The highest military decoration in the United States armed services, often called the Congressional Medal of Honor. It recognizes valor and bravery in action above and beyond the call of duty. There have been some 3,400 recipients of the medal, which was established by an act of Congress in 1862.
506
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A primary measure of inflation determined by the increase in the cost of products compared to a base year.
507
Consumer Product Safety Commission
an independent agency of the U.S. federal government created in 1972 through the Consumer Safety Act to protect “against unreasonable risks of injuries associated with consumer products”. The CSPC has the authority to regulate the sale and manufacture of most consumer products, with the exception of those regulated by other agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATFE).
508
Dillon's rule
A legal principle that holds that the terms of city charters are to be interpreted narrowly. Under this rule (named after a lawyer who wrote a book on the subject in 1911) a municipal corporation can exercise only those powers expressly given it or those powers necessarily implied by, or essential to the accomplishment of, these stated powers.
509
Direct Incitement
Holds that advocacy of illegal action is protected by 1st Amendment unless imminent lawless action is intended and likely to occur.
510
Discretionary authority
The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws.
511
Discretionary Spending
Those appropriation items in the budget that are not mandatory. In the federal budget, discretionary spending consists of measures in the 13 appropriation bills that must be passed by Congress by October 1 in such categories as transportation, agriculture, and education.
512
Disengagement
A view that U.S. involvement in Vietnam had led to a military defeat and political disaster and that further similar involvements should be avoided. Also known as "new isolationism." See also Isolationism; Containment
513
Domino theory
An influential theory first articulated by President Eisenhower holding that if an important nation were to fall into communist hands, other neighboring countries would follow suit. Eisenhower used the metaphor of a row of dominoes falling in sequence to illustrate his point.
514
Earmarks
Pet projects added to appropriation bills by congressman, called "wasteful spending" and "pork barrel legislation" by critics.
515
Earned Income Tax Credit
A provision of a 1975 tax law that entitles working families with children to receive money from the government if their total income falls below a certain level.
516
Engel Vs. Vitale
prohibited state sponsored reciting of prayers in school
517
Environmental impact statement
A report required by federal law that assesses the possible effect of a project on the environment if the project is subsidized in whole or part by federal funds.
518
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Regulates air and water pollution, pesticides, radiation, solid waste, and toxic substances. It is the main environmental regulatory agency.
519
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
Title VII of the 1964 civil rights act was extended to cover federal, state and local public employers and educational institutions by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972.
520
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Federal Agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing
521
Equal Rights Amendment
A twice-proposed but never ratified amendment to the Constitution that would prohibit denial or abridgement of rights on the basis of sex. First proposed in 1923, the amendment was passed by Congress in 1972 but failed ratification by the requisite number of states. It was a major rallying point of the womens movement.
522
Equal Time Rule
The rule that requires broadcast stations to sell campaign air time equally to all candidates if they choose to sell to any
523
Establishment clause
Component of the First Amendment to the Constitution that defines the right of the citizens to practice their religions without governmental interference. It also places a restriction on government creating a "wall of separation" between church and state. Section of the Constitution that prohibits the government from designating one faith as the official religion of the US.
524
Executive agreement
Agreement made between the president and a leader of a foreign country that does not have to be ratified by the Senate.
525
Export-Import Bank of the United States?
The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank, Exim Bank or Eximbank) is the official export credit agency of the United States Government. It is an independent agency of the Executive Branch of The United States Government established by the Congress of the United States in 1945 that finances or insures foreign purchases of U.S. goods for customers unable or unwilling to accept credit risk. For instance, in 2004 it insured the purchase by Iraq of fogging machines for insect abatement. There are many other banks around the world called Eximbank, some analogous to the U.S. Ex-Im Bank, and some private commercial banks.
526
Fair Labor Standards Act
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor". The law originally contained a large number of special industry exemptions, many of which were designed to protect traditional pay practices in small, rural businesses. The bulk of these exemptions have been repealed. Currently, the most important issues relate to the so-called "white collar" exemptions applicable to professional, administrative and executive employees.
527
Fairness Doctrine
Rule in effect from 1949-1985 requiring broadcasters to cover events adequately and to present contrasting views on important public issues
528
Family Medical Leave Act (1993)
Act that gave unpaid emergency medical leave for employees with a guarantee that their job would not be taken away in the interim.
529
Fannie Mae
Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), commonly known as Fannie Mae, created in 1938 to establish a secondary market for mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). Fannie Mae buys mortgages on the secondary market, pools them and sells them as mortgage-backed securities to investors on the open market. This secondary mortgage market helps to replenish the supply of lendable money for mortgages and ensures that money continues to be available for new home purchases.
530
Favorable balance of trade
Refers to a country exporting more than they import. The United States has had an unfavorable balance of trade since World War II.
531
FCC
The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 as the successor to the Federal Radio Commission and is charged with regulating all non-Federal Government use of the radio spectrum (including radio and television broadcasting), and all interstate telecommunications (wire, satellite and cable) as well as all international communications that originate or terminate in the United States. It is an important actor in US telecommunication policy. The FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission.
532
Federal Bureau of Investigation
"An agency of the United States federal government, long headed by J. Edgar Hoover, which investigates violations of federal (rather than state or local) laws, including kidnapping, smuggling narcotics, and espionage. Established in 1908 under the Department of Justice, the FBI earned its reputation in the 1920s and 1930s by apprehending notorious bank robbers and gangsters"
533
Federal Election Campaign Acts (FECA)
In 1971 it set up restrictions on the amount of advertising used by a candidate, created disclosure of contributions over $100, and limited the amount of personal contributions a candidate could make on his or her behalf. In 1974 it set up a Federal Election Commission and established a system of federal matching funds for presidential candidates.
534
Federal Employees Political Activities Act
1993 liberalization of the Hatch Act. Federal employees are now allowed to run for office in nonpartisan elections and to contribute money to campaigns in partisan elections
535
Federal Reserve Act
A 1913 act of Congress that created the Federal Reserve System, the central bank of the United States of America. According to the United States Constitution, only the U.S. Congress has the power and responsibility to coin money and set its value. In the 1913 Federal Reserve Act however, Congress delegated this power to the Federal Reserve. All banks chartered under the National Banking Act of 1863 were made members of the Federal Reserve System, while others could join. A Board of Governors appointed by the President of the United States supervised the system.
536
Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission (or FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anti-competitive business practices. The Federal Trade Commission Act was one of President Wilson's major acts against trusts. Trusts and trust-busting were significant political concerns during the Progressive Era. Since its inception the FTC has enforced the provisions of the Clayton Act, a contemporaneous antitrust statute. Over time, the FTC has been delegated the enforcement of additional business regulation statutes.
537
Fighting words doctrine
Established in Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), the decision incorporated into state law the concept that the government can limit free speech if it can be proved that the result of speech will cause physical violence.
538
fiscal year
Twelve month period starting on October 1. Government budgets go into effect at the beginning of the fiscal year. Congress and the president agree on a budget resolution in April to guide government spending for the coming fiscal year.
539
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitutional.
540
Foreign Agricultural Service
The Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) has primary responsibility for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's overseas programs -- market development, international trade agreements and negotiations, and the collection of statistics and market information. It also administers USDA's export credit guarantee and food aid programs and helps increase income and food availability in developing nations.
541
Foreign Service
The professional arm of the executive branch that supplies diplomats for the United States embassies and consulates around the world. Ambassadors, though officially members of the Foreign Service, are sometimes friends of the president of the United States appointed in gratitude for support given during elections.
542
freedom of assembly
"The right to hold public meetings and form associations without interference by the government. Freedom of peaceful assembly is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution. Segregation has been described as a violation of freedom of assembly."
543
freedom of association
The right to form societies, clubs, and other groups of people, and to meet with people individually, without interference by the government.
544
Freedom of expression
The constitutional rights of Americans to "freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances" as outlined in the First Amendment to the Constitution.
545
Freedom of Information Act (1974)
Act that incorporates sunshine laws; opened up the government's meetings of record to the public and media.
546
freedom of religion
The right to choose a religion (or no religion) without interference by the government. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution. (See separation of church and state.)
547
freedom of speech
The right to speak without censorship or restraint by the government. Freedom of speech is protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. (See clear and present danger.)
548
freedom of the press
The right to circulate opinions in print without censorship by the government. Americans enjoy freedom of the press under the First Amendment to the Constitution.
549
full faith and credit clause
Section of the Constitution that requires states to honor one another's licenses, marriages, and other acts of state courts.
550
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Agreement wherein new trade barriers would be avoided by member nations, existing tariffs would be eliminated, and protective tariffs would be used only for emergency situations.
551
gideon v. wainwright
Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one.
552
Gitlow Vs. New York
states can not deny freedom of speech - precident for federalizing bill of rights
553
Good-faith exception
Admission at a trial of evidence that is gathered in violation of the Constitution if the violation results from a technical or minor error. See also Exclusionary rule (Ch. 18)
554
Good Neighbor policy
A United States foreign policy doctrine, adopted by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, designed to improve relations with Latin America. A reaction to the exploitative dollar diplomacy of the early 1900s, the Good Neighbor policy encouraged interaction between the United States and Latin America as equals. In the post World War II era, however, the United States has often reverted to dollar diplomacy and gunboat diplomacy to impose its will on the countries of Latin America.
555
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
The Government Accountability Office (GAO) is the non-partisan audit, evaluation, and investigative arm of Congress, and an agency in the Legislative Branch of the United States Government. The GAO was established by the Budget and Accounting Act, 1921. According to GAO's current mission statement, the agency exists to support the Congress in meeting its Constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the American people. The GAO is headed by the Comptroller General of the United States, a unique non-partisan position in the U.S. Government. The Comptroller General is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate for a 15-year, non-renewable term. The President selects a nominee from a list of at least three individuals recommended by an 8 member commission of congressional leaders. The Comptroller General may not be removed by the President, but only by Congress through impeachment or joint resolution for specific reasons. GAO examines the use of public funds, evaluates federal programs and activities, and provides analyses, options, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make effective oversight, policy, and funding decisions. In this context, GAO works to continuously improve the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of the federal government through financial audits, program reviews and evaluations, analyses, legal opinions, investigations, and other services. The GAO's activities are designed to ensure the executive branch's accountability to the Congress under the Constitution and the government's accountability to the American people.
556
Grand and Petit Jury
A Grand Jury is established to determine if a crime has been committed. A petit jury determines whether a person is guilty of a crime that has been committed.
557
Grandfather clause
A clause added to registration laws allowing people who did not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867 (before African Americans were legally allowed to vote). This was to exempt poor and illiterate whites from registration requirements established to keep former slaves from voting. The Supreme Court declared the practice unconstitutional in 1915.
558
Gratz Vs. Bollinger
Stuck down use of bonus points for race in undergrad admissions at university of Michigan
559
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the Constitution implicitly guarantees citizens' right to privacy
560
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Currently the key economic measure that analyzes an upward or downward economic trend of the monetary value of all the goods and services produced within the nation on a quarterly basis.
561
Grutter Vs. Bollinger
Allowed race as a general factor in law school admissions at university of michigan
562
Gulf War
1991 war between United Nations forces (led by the US) and Iraq. The war was instigated by Iraq's invasion of neighboring Kuwait.
563
habeas corpus
(HAY-bee-uhs KAWR-puhs) A legal term meaning that an accused person must be presented physically before the court with a statement demonstrating sufficient cause for arrest. Thus, no accuser may imprison someone indefinitely without bringing that person and the charges against him or her into a courtroom. In Latin, habeas corpus literally means you shall have the body.
564
Hatch Act
Law enacted in 1939 to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. This act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or campaigning for a particular candidate
565
Hoover Commission
An effort spearheaded by former president Herbert Hoover. It made a report to president Truman in 1949. The proposals of the Hoover Commission resulted in an extensive reorganization of the executive branch of the federal government. Another one was conducted and published its findings in 1955 during Eisenhower's administration. Their recommendations, over 70 percent of which were implemented by executive and legislative action, resulted in the elimination and consolidation of some departments but also in the creation of such new bodies as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the General Services Administration. In emulation of the federal government, many states set up similar bodies, known as “little Hoover commissions.”
566
How is a president impeached?
There are two steps: First the House of Reps passes the articles of impeachment, which are the formal allegations, by a simple majority. Next, the Senate votes, by two-thirds majority to convict.
567
How many trust funds make up Social Security?
The Social Security System Comprises Four Trust Funds: Old-Age and Survivors Insurance, Disability Insurance, Hospital Insurance, Supplemental Medical Insurance
568
Internal Revenue Service
Part of the United States Department of the Treasury. The IRS is responsible for the collection of all federal taxes, except customs duties.
569
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
A clearinghouse for member nations to discuss monetary issues and develop international plans and policies to deal with monetary issues. Regulating monetary exchange rates is its primary task.
570
Interstate Commerce Commission
"A federal agency that monitors the business operations of carriers transporting goods and people between states. Its jurisdiction includes railroads, ships, trucks, buses, oil pipelines, and their terminal facilities. The ICC was established in 1887 as the first federal agency."
571
interstate compact
agreement among two or more states, Constitution requires that most such agreements be approved by Congress
572
Iron curtain
A metaphor first used by Winston Churchill to describe a military and political barrier maintained by the former Soviet Union to prevent free travel and communication between Eastern and Western Europe.
573
iron triangle
Also called subgovernment. Formed by the close working relationship among various interest groups, congressional committees, and executive agencies that enforce federal regulations.
574
Joint Chiefs of Staff
A high-level military advisory board in the Department of Defense, composed of high-ranking representatives of the army, navy, air force, and marines. The Joint Chiefs are responsible for formulating military policy and recommending action regarding issues of national security and international relations.
575
Kelo Vs. City of New London
Local gov may force the sale of private property to make way for private economic development when officials decide it would benefit the public
576
Landrum-Griffin Act
The Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (or LMRDA), also known as the Landrum-Griffin Act, is a United States labor law statute that regulates labor unions' internal affairs and union officials' relationships with employers. Enacted in 1959 after revelations concerning corruption and undemocratic practices in the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, International Longshoremen's Association, United Mine Workers and other unions received wide public attention, the Act requires unions to hold secret elections for local union offices on a regular basis and provides for review by the United States Department of Labor of union members' claims of improper election activity.
577
Lawrence Vs. Texas
Using right of Privacy struck down texas ban on sodomy
578
Lemon Vs. Kurtzman
allowed states to provide text books and busing services for students attending private schools
579
Logrolling
Mutual aid among politicians, whereby one legislator supports another's pet project in return for the latter's support of his. The expression dates from the days when American pioneers needed help from neighbors in moving logs off of land to be farmed.
580
Mapp Vs. Ohio
Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence can not be used in court
581
Marbury v. Madison
(1803) landmark case in United States law wherein the U.S. Supreme Court established judicial review as a legitimate power of the Court on constitutional grounds.
582
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Case that established the principle that the federal government was supreme over the state.
583
McGovern-Frasier Commission
Commission that brought significant representation changes to the Democratic Party. It made future conventions more democratic by including more minority representation.
584
Miller v. California Decision?
(1973) was an important United States Supreme Court case involving what constitutes unprotected obscenity for First Amendment purposes. The decision reiterated that obscenity was not protected by the First Amendment and established the Miller test for determining what constituted obscene material.
585
Motor Voter Act of 1993
Signed into law by President Clinton, it enables people to register to vote at motor vehicle departments.
586
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
An agency of the United States government, charged with directing civilian programs in aeronautics research and space exploration. NASA maintains several facilities, most notably the Johnson Space Center in Houston (which selects space crew personnel and is responsible for ground direction of space flights), and the launching pads at Cape Canaveral in Florida.
587
National Economic Council
The National Economic Council (NEC) is a United States government agency in the Executive Office of the President. Created by President Bill Clinton in 1993 by Executive Order, its functions are to coordinate policy-making for domestic and international economic issues, coordinate economic policy advice for the President, ensure that policy decisions and programs are consistent with the President's economic goals, and monitor implementation of the President's economic policy agenda. The Director of the NEC is also Assistant to the President for Economic Policy.
588
National Labor Relations Act (or Wagner Act)
A 1935 United States federal law that protects the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. The Act does not, on the other hand, cover those workers who are covered by the Railway Labor Act, agricultural employees, domestic employees, supervisors, independent contractors and some close relatives of individual employers.
589
National Security Council
Chaired by the president, it is the lead advisory board in the area of national and international security. The other members of the council include the vice president, secretaries of state and defense, director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and chair of the joint chiefs of staff.
590
Nationalization of the Bill of Rights
A judicial doctrine of the Fourteenth Amendment that applied the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation.
591
Norris-La Guardia Act (1932)
Act that prohibited employers from punishing workers who joined unions and gave labor the right to form union.
592
North American Free Trade Agreement
"An agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to establish free trade. It took effect in 1994 and is designed to eliminate trade barriers between the three nations by 2009. Many American labor unions oppose NAFTA on the grounds that it takes away jobs from American workers as manufacturers relocate in Mexico to take advantage of cheaper labor. Others argue that free trade creates more jobs in the United States than it destroys."
593
OSHA
The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, signed by President Richard M. Nixon,on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by issuing and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health. This same act also created the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a research agency whose purpose is to determine the major types of hazards in the workplace and ways of controlling them. OSHA's statutory authority extends to most nongovernmental workplaces where there are employees. State and local government workers are excluded from Federal coverage, however, states operating their own state workplace safety and health programs under plans approved by the U.S. Department of Labor cover most private sector workers and are also required to extend their coverage to public sector (state and local government) workers in the state.
594
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)
The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) is an agency of the U.S. government established in 1971 that helps U.S. businesses invest overseas and promotes economic development in new and emerging markets. OPIC operations cost nothing to American taxpayers because it charges market-based fees for its products and services. The agency has earned a profit in each year of operations — $175 million in 2002 — and built its reserves to more than $4 billion.
595
Partnership for peace
President Clinton announced in 1993 a policy that allowed for the gradual admission into NATO of new member nations from the former Warsaw Pact and gave the designation of associate status in NATO to Russia.
596
Peace Corps
An agency of the United States government that sends American volunteers to developing nations to help improve living standards and provide training. Created by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, under the auspices of the Department of State, the Peace Corps provides an opportunity to share American wealth, technology, and expertise. During the cold war it also served as a means for spreading American influence and values in the hope of preventing developing nations from allying themselves with the Soviet Union.
597
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
Established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system." Drafted during the Chester A. Arthur administration, the Pendleton Act served as a response to President James Garfield's assassination by Charles J. Guiteau (a "disappointed office seeker"). The Act was passed into law on January 16, 1883.
598
PFIAB
Founded in 1956 by President Eisenhower, the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States. According to its self-description, it "...provides advice to the President concerning the quality and adequacy of intelligence collection, of analysis and estimates, of counterintelligence, and of other intelligence activities. The PFIAB, through its Intelligence Oversight Board, also advises the President on the legality of foreign intelligence activities.
599
Planned Parenthood Vs. Casey
states can regulate abortion but not with regulations that impose a burden to the woman; more leeway like the 24 hour waiting period and parent consent to minors
600
political action committee
(PAC) Fundraising apparatus of interest groups; donations are regulated by federal law; contribute heavily to the reelection campaigns of representatives and senators sympathetic to the PAC's political agenda.
601
Political editorializing rule
A rule of the Federal Communications Commission that if a broadcaster endorses a candidate, the opposing candidate has a right to reply.
602
Pollution allowances (or banks)
A reduction in pollution below that required by law that can be used to cover a future plant expansion or sold to another company whose pollution emissions are above the legal requirements.
603
Railway Labor Act
It governs labor relations in the railway and airline industries in the United States. The Act, passed in 1926 and amended in 1936 to apply to the airline industry, seeks to substitute bargaining, arbitration and mediation for strikes as a means of resolving labor disputes.
604
Robert's Rules of Order
A handbook for running meetings effectively and efficiently, based on the procedures used in the British parliament. The principles included in the handbook are applicable to any decision-making organization, from Congress to community club committees. The handbook sets the guidelines for such issues as leading debates; recognizing speakers; defining the role of the chair and other officers; proposing, seconding, and voting on motions; and writing and amending constitutions and bylaws.
605
Rule of Four
At least 4 justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard
606
Schenck v. United States (1919)
It established the "clear and present danger" doctrine, in establishing that the right to free speech can be curtailed in wartime. Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the opinion.
607
Second Bill of Rights
Franklin D Roosevelt's State of the Union Address in 1944: 1 the right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries, shops, farms, or mines of the nation; the right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation; the right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return that would give him and his family a decent living; the right of every business man, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad; the right of every family to a decent home; the right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health; the right to adequate protection form the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment; the right to a good education
608
Selective Service System
The system used in the United States to draft young people into armed service. Though the United States at present has no draft, young men are required by law to register with the Selective Service when they reach the age of eighteen.
609
Simpson-Marzzoli Act (1987)
Act that resulted in more than 2 million illegal aliens who were living in this country since 1982 being allowed to apply for legal status.
610
Small Business Administration (SBA)
The Small Business Administration, or SBA, is a United States Government agency that provides support to small businesses. The SBA was established on July 30, 1953 by the United States Congress with the passage of the Small Business Act.
611
Stewardship Theory
Theory that holds that Article II confers on the president the power and the duty to take whatever actions are deemed necessary in the national interest, unless prohibited by the Constitution or law
612
Sunshine Law
Requires all government meetings and records to be open to the public
613
Taft-Hartley Act
The Taft-Hartley Act, passed in 1947 and still largely in effect, severely restricts the activities and power of labor unions in the United States. The Act, officially known as the Labor-Management Relations Act, was sponsored by Senator Robert Taft and Representative Fred Hartley. U.S. President Harry S. Truman described the act as a "slave-labor bill" and vetoed it. The United States Senate followed the United States House of Representatives in overriding Truman's veto on June 23, 1947, establishing the act as a law. The Taft-Hartley Act amended the Wagner Act, officially known as the National Labor Relations Act, which Congress had passed in 1935.
614
Texas v. Johnson Decision
(1989), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag in force in 48 of the 50 states. Justice William Brennan wrote for a five-justice majority in holding that the defendant's act of flag burning was protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
615
The Patriot Act (2001)
act passed in response to the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, granting broad police authority to the federal, state, and local governments to interdict, prosecute, and convict suspected terrorists
616
Title IX
Provision for the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students
617
US Vs. Lopez
Gun free school zones act exceeded congress' authority to regulated inner-state commerce
618
US Vs. Nixon
Allowed for executive privileges but not in criminal cases
619
US. v. Lopez significant
From 1937 to 1995, the Supreme Court of the United States did not void a single Act of Congress for exceeding Congress's power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, instead holding that anything that could conceivably have even a slight impact on commerce was subject to federal regulation. It was thus seen as a (narrow) victory for federalism when the Rehnquist Court reined in federal regulatory power in United States v. Lopez (1995) and United States v. Morrison (2000).
620
USA Freedom Corps
The USA Freedom Corps is a body within the Executive Office of the President of the United States, the President serving as its chair. Its creation was announced by George W. Bush in his State of the Union Address of January 29, 2002, and it was officially established on January 30, 2002, the next day. Housed at the White House, it identifies itself as a "Coordinating Council... working to strengthen our culture of service and help find opportunities for every American to start volunteering." [1] A USA Freedom Corps Network promotes individual volunteer service opportunities within the United States and abroad. The council is also involved with U.S. federal government service programs such as the Peace Corps, Citizen Corps, AmeriCorps and Senior Corps.
621
Veterans Administration
The second-largest cabinet department, the VA coordinates the distribution of benefits for veterans of the American armed forces and their dependents. The benefits include compensation for disabilities, the management of veterans hospitals, and various insurance programs.
622
Veterans of Foreign Wars
An organization of American veterans who have taken part in a foreign military campaign or expedition of the United States. Like the American Legion, it usually takes pro-defense stands on foreign policy issues.
623
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Act that finally made the Fifteenth Amendment a reality. As a result of this act, any state not eliminating the poll tax and literacy requirements would be directed to do so by the federal government. It also resulted in the establishment of racially gerrymandered congressional districts in the 1980s and 1990s.
624
Wall-of-separation principle
A Supreme Court interpretation of the establishment clause in the First Amendment that prevents government involvement with religion, even on a nonpreferential basis.
625
Walsh-Healy Act
Passed in 1936, the Walsh-Healy Act stated that workers must be paid not less than the prevailing minimum wage normally paid in a locality, restricted regular working hours to eight hours a day, and 40 hours a week, with time and a half pay for additional hours, prohibited the employment of convicts and children under 18, and established sanitation and safety standards.
626
War on Poverty
Those programs of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society that were specifically aimed at assisting the poor were known collectively as this. Among these programs was Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), Medicaid, and the creation of the Office of Economic Opportunity.
627
War Powers Act
Passed in 1973 - President is Limited in deployment of troops overseas to a 60-day period in peacetime unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.
628
Webster Vs. Reproductive Health Services
More leeway for states in regulating abortion
629
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
The Supreme Court struck down many of the FDR's New Deal reforms because they found they interfered with an individual's right to contract, implicit in the due process clause of the 14th amendment. This case, however, was when the supreme court basically overruled itself and started upholding many of FDRs laws, such as minimum wage, and laws limiting the number of working hours, etc. Effectively, one member of the court switched sides after FDR threatened to go to congress to ask to expand the number of supreme court justices so that he could attain a majority. The Judge's change of heart is known as the "switch in time that saved nine."
630
What are some exemptions to the 1966 FOIA
National security, personal right to privacy, law enforcement, and well water geographic data. Most other info must be provided within 10 days under the 1966 Freedom of Information Act.
631
Who can legally violate equal opportunity laws?
Churches. They can discriminate in hiring based on religion.
632
Who determines the GAAPs for state and local government?
The Governmental Accounting Standards Board, since 1984. It is a private, non-governmental, organization. The mission of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board is to establish and improve standards of state and local governmental accounting and financial reporting that will result in useful information for users of financial reports and guide and educate the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of those financial reports.
633
World Bank
Called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, it provides monetary assistance to nations for the development of industries and aims to stimulate economic growth of third-world nations.
634
