US History Flashcards

Question

How did Locke's Ideas influence the Bill of Rights

Answer 1

The Bill of Rights protects the people’s consciences & right for political participation It adds that citizens can claim additional natural rights when they see fit

Answer 2

They said that due process is vital But a person’s rights can be violated if due process is followed

Answer 3

The first attempt at organizing the government Consisted of a unicameral (one chamber) congress It did not permit Congress to tax, regulate foreign or interstate commerce, or enforce its laws It failed as it formed an alliance of sovereign states with too weak a national government

Answer 4

Create the national government so that it could borrow money/negotiate treaties/etc. while America was going to war with Great Britain It was made to protect state soveriegnty and prevent the national government from getting too big & powerful

Answer 5

Farmers had an insurrection to cancel their debts The government was so weak that they could not stop the insurrection This prompted people to recognize that the Articles of Confederation needed to change Had to be addressed at the Constitutional Convention

Answer 6

Philosophies about the structure, power, and purpose of government American political ideologies include Progressive, Liberal, Moderate, Independent, Conservative, and Libertarian

Answer 7

People given the authority to make decisions on the behalf of a group

Answer 8

A legislative branch that consists of two separate chamber or two separately elected groups of officials Such as senators and representatives Bi = 2 Camera = chamber

Answer 9

Exchange ambassadors and make treaties with foreign governments & native peoples (But without a national military it couldn’t provide assistance to other nations)

Answer 10

They could Regulate trade with foreign nations Native Americans were also considered foreign Foreign nations were forming trade agreements with individual states - government could not tax or regulate Britain began to import lots of untaxed goods into the US Became difficult to sell American Made goods Government could have regulated this Led to Weak Economy

Answer 11

But there was no national military to draw soldiers from Each state had their own miliitia - but they could choose to not send solider if they wanted It made the US look weak But they could appoint senior officials

Answer 12

Coin currency and borrow money But it still relied on states for enough money to cover debts and back loans

Answer 13

Settle disputes between states Such as boundary disputes

Answer 14

Exchange Ambassadors & make treatise with foreign governments & native people Regulate trade with foreign nations Declare War Coin currency & borrow money Settle Disputes between States

Answer 15

Only Congress (Legislative). No executive or judicial branches.

Answer 16

No The currency of the US was discredited by foreign countries - which made its value drop Foreign countries didn’t want to lend money or trade goods Government was underfunded

Answer 17

Enforcement of its powers was a problem Only states could tax people - so government had to ask them for money Had to ask states to provide soldiers for war States were not always willing to do these thigns

Answer 18

There needed to be a unanimous vote of 13 out of 13 from the states

Answer 19

They could form individual relationships with states Refuse to accept US currency and repay US debts They could pressure states in the west through its occupation fo bordering land

Answer 20

They were trying to come up with ways to fix the government after the Articles of Confederation - needed a more structured Government

Answer 21

Declaration of Independence (1776) Articles of Confederation (1777) Constitutional Convention/Virginia Plan (1787) Constitution of US (1787) 12 Amendments of Constitution (1789) - 10 of these became the Bill of Rights Bill of Rights (1791)

Answer 22

Small States Plan Unicameral (1 legislative house) Executive Appointment Role of national Government - Provides defense but does not override state authority Equal representation from states - 1 Rep/vote per state Kind of wanted to maintain the structure of the Articles of Confederation Believed that states should keep the power to address citizen’s needs

Answer 23

Large States Plan Bicameral (2 legislative houses) Role of national government - Legislate for states and can veto state law Proportional Representation from states Number of Reps/votes is proportional to state size President could still be removed if state governors allowed it Believed that there could be effective representation for citizens at the national level

Answer 24

A lawmaking body in the legislative branch that consists of two separate chambers or two separately elected groups of officials Such as senators and representatives

Answer 25

A lawmaking body in the legislative branch that consists of only one chamber

Answer 26

The outcome of a democratic election in which all qualified voters are eligible to participate The winner is the person with the largest number of votes

Answer 27

The larger of the two chambers in a bicameral legislature House of Representatives Candidates elected by popular vote Based on state size

Answer 28

Smaller of the two chambers in bicameral legislature The Senate Candidates proposed by the state legislature - selected by the representatives in the lower chamber 2 senators per state

Answer 29

It happened because they needed to address the issues and weaknesses created by the articles of Confederation - they were clearly not working They decided to create an entirely new government - needed compromises

Answer 30

Combined ideas of NJ and VA plans Congress would be a bicameral legislature Senate would have equal number of representatives from each state 2 senators per state - appointed by state legislature - 6 year terms House of Reps would have a number proportional to the state’s population Reps would be elected through popular vote Limited to 2 years in officer

Answer 31

Congress now has power to tax, maintain an army/navy, and regulate trade and commerce The legislative branch can now coin & borrow money, grant patents & copyrights, declare war, and establish laws regulating naturalization and bankruptcy All bills to raise revenue begin the House of Reps

Answer 32

Laws have to pass through both the House & Senate by majority vote before gong to the president to be signed into law

Answer 33

Only Individuals elected by the voters to represent them could impose taxes upon them No taxation without representation

Answer 34

During the creation of the US Constitution, an agreement made between Northern & Southern States that required counting all of a state’s free population and 60% of its enslaved population for the twin purposes of federal taxation and representation in Congress The south needed more seats in the House of Reps - so they wanted to count their slaves as part of their population The north didn’t think that the Southern states Reps would accurately represent the enslaved population’s interests

Answer 35

Power of a president to reject a law passed by Congress But it can still be sent back to Congress & if it passes again with ⅔ majority, then it is passed into law anyways

Answer 36

In the united states, the three branches of government are legislative (House & Senate), executive (President & Vice President), and judicial (Supreme Court)

Answer 37

Form of government in which power is divided between state government and a national government But Article IV saws that the Constituion, laws passed by Congress, and treaties made by the federal government were the supreme Law of the Land, and if there was a conflict between the states and national government, the national government would triumph

Answer 38

Powers given explicitly to the federal government by the Constitution in Article I, Section 8; the powers to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, raise and support armies, declare war, coin money, conduct foreign affairs, and make laws regulating the nationalization of immigrants Article I provided for the expansion of congressional powers if needed - “necessary and proper” clause Constitution also gave the fed government control over all territory or property belonging to the US

Answer 39

Any powers not prohibited by the Constitution or delegated to the national government; powers reserved to the states and denied to the federal government as outlined in the 10th amendment Marriage laws, interstate commerce Both states have chief executives to enforce the laws (president & governors), and a system of courts

Answer 40

If the country didn’t have an army/navy, they couldn’t defend itself against European powers If they couldn’t tax/regulate trade, the government wouldn’t have enough money to..... maintain national defense, protect american manufacturers/farmers from foreign competition, create the infrustrastructure necessary for interstate commerce/communications Maintain foreign embassies Or pay federal judges and other government officials If they didn’t tax the US citizens... Other countries wold be reluctant to loan money to the US

Answer 41

Required states to return fugitives to the states where they were changed with crimes Also prevented slaves from gaining freedom by escaping to free states

Answer 42

Supported the Constitution - to replace Articles of Confederation Wanted a strong national government to provide for order, national defense, economic growth - Could create a national currency Could regulate trade & place tariffs on imports - protect american merchants Could collect taxes to fund internal improvements A lot of wealthy elites (landowners, businessmen, military officials) Included alexander hamilton and James Madison Worried about Shay’s rebellion Wanted to keep the victory from Revolution war Needed to keep defending themselves

Answer 43

Opposed the Constitution They feared an overly powerful national government that would be too king like Thought that the states would be better at protecting the rights of the people Wanted small, landowning farmers of average wealth to have more power Included Patrick Henry Afraid that the supreme federal court would be too far for citizens So they created federal courts in each of the states Felt that the Constitution did not guarantee protection of individual liberties Led to many opponents demanding a bill of rights - refusing to ratify the constitution without one The promise of a bill of rights persuaded many states Afraid of financial problems That the government would demand taxes be paid by people who couldn’t afford to That the tariffs on foreign goods would make American products less welcome abroad Anti-federalist ideas were strong in the south & New York Thought that in order for this to work - people would have to have shared morals/interests - but with such a large nation - that would be impossible

Answer 44

A consistent philosophy about the structure, power, and purpose of government American political ideologies include - progressive, liberal, moderate, independent, conservative, and libertarian

Answer 45

The action of signing or otherwise officially approving a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it legally valid

Answer 46

A system of government in which political power is held by the people through their ability to elect representatives who make laws on their behalf

Answer 47

To demand payment of a tax

Answer 48

Series of 85 essays written and published by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay Argued for strong national government & to ratify the constitution Helped convince many states to support the Constitution Needed 9 out of 13 states in order to ratify

Answer 49

Elected representatives would prevent the dangers of factions (group that demands something from government) Anti-federalists were afraid that the wealthy elites would become a faction that was dominating the government Federalists wrote paper #10 saying… Factions wouldn’t arise because the diversity existed in the country was so large that it would not allow for the development of large political interest groups Having a representative government would be the best way to control against the harmful effects of factions

Answer 50

Separation of powers and checks and balances would keep the national government from abusing its power Power would be divided between national & state governments And national government was divided - checks and balances James Madison used #51 to explain that this would not happen because of the checks and balances & separation of powers

Answer 51

Interest groups, group of people who demand something from the government at the expense of everybody else Interest groups - people who gather to petition the government for their special concerns

Answer 52

Congress - House of Reps & Senate Makes the laws Regulates international trade & commerce between the states Power to declare war on foreign countries Approves Treaties If electoral college can’t provide a presidential candidate, the House of Reps chooses

Answer 53

Can impeach/remove president Can override vetoes Can refuse to pass laws executive wants Can refuse to appropriate funds for executive programs

Answer 54

Can impeach & remove judges Can reject judicial nominees Can change the federal court system by adding/taking away courts Can change jurisdiction of federal courts Can pass new laws that override supreme court decisions - unless they’re based on the Constitution Can propose amendments to the Constitution Controls what cases they can/can’t hear

Answer 55

Consists of the President, vice president, and the bureaucracy (agencies that carry out the programs of the national government) What president does Responsible for foreign affairs - is chief diplomat Nominates ambassadors and other foreign policy officials (but must be approved by the Senate) Oversees negotiating treaties that must be approved by the Senate Ceremonial Functions Grants Pardons - with no limits Must report to Congress each year on the state of the union Executing the laws Preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution

Answer 56

Can veto congress’s laws Call congress into special session Vice president can break ties in the senate

Answer 57

Nominates federal court judges Can pardon people convicted by the court Can refuse to carry out court decisions

Answer 58

he Courts - Supreme courts There’s a full system of national courts to deals with national laws including both criminal cases and civil issues Conflicts over contracts, how laws are enforced, etc. Interprets the law Judicial Review The power to invalidate an act of Congress if it violates the Constitution Weakest branch - with the fewest checks on the other branches Judges serve during times of “good behavior” - can't be threatened with firing Lifetime sentences - unless removed through impeachment

Answer 59

Declare the laws they made unconstitutional Presides over impeachment trials in the Senate

Answer 60

Declare president’s acts unconstitutional

Answer 61

The complex organization of government departments and agencies that carry out the programs and enforce the laws of the national government

Answer 62

Laws go through Congress They must pass through both House of Reps & Senate Senate = represents the states House = represents the people They are signed by the president (or they can veto), Congress can override a veto (with ⅔ majority in both House of Reps & Senate) Laws passed by Congress may undergo judicial review by the judiciary Courts can overturn laws if they decide that it’s unconstitutional Courts can also interpret laws in a way that ensures they are Constitutional Can change the way laws are executed - by executive branch

Answer 63

President can negotiate treaties But must be approved by ⅔ Senate President can sign executive agreements with foreign leaders - not treaties Congress can limit effectiveness of agreements if they require funding Courts can make sure the agreement doesn’t violate the Constitution Only Congress can declare war But as commander in chief, the president can order troops into combat

Answer 64

President nominates justices of the Supreme Court & judges of lower courts But they must receive approval by the Senate President nominates people for positions in executive branch and foreign ambassadors But must be approved by a majority vote in the Senate Judges rule during times of good behavior So it’s difficult to pressure them to make a particular decision - can’t be threatened with firing They are only removed in majority of House & senate vote to Impeachment protects against judiciary members having too much control

Answer 65

President can direct agencies to administer laws in particular ways - He can affect the administration of laws passed by Congress with executive orders Executive orders can also be used if Congress doesn’t act on legislation that the president wanted Congress can refuse funding for executive orders Executive orders can be challenged in the courts and declared unconstitutional

Answer 66

Congress passes budgetary bills & the president signs them Congress authorizes the spending of various activities and sets funding levels for the national government Congress can refuse to fund executive orders, agreements, or anything the president wants to do President has to prepare a budget every year

Answer 67

A process of removing government officials suspected of high crimes and misdemeanors Including judges and even the president Requires a majority vote in the house on articles of impeachment and the support of ⅔ Senate for conviction & removal

Answer 68

A written order to a government agency issued by a president in the absence of congressional action to pursue a particular course of action Generally such an order changes an existing law and can be challenged through the courts

Answer 69

An act of legislature Such as congress declaring a person guilty of a crime and punishment that person without a trial The US Constitution prohibits Congress from passing any bills of attainder

Answer 70

An arrangement that creates two autonomous levels of government - each possessing the ability to act directly on behalf of the people with the authority granted to it by the national Constitution

Answer 71

National Whole country matters State Education, healthcare, public safety, other public services (which are enhanced by federal government’s financial assistance)

Answer 72

A written national constitution that cannot be changed without the consent of the subnational governments The Amendments (changes) required ⅔ of both houses of Congress & ¾ of the states

Answer 73

The constitution give legislative, judicial, and executive authority to the two levels of government in a way that guarantees each level some degree of independence from the other Executive - President & Governor Legislative - Congress & State legislature Judicial - National Courts & State Courts

Answer 74

National Courts commonly resolve disputes between levels and departments of government National & State conflicts are settled in federal courts

Answer 75

Subnational Governments are also represented in the upper house of the national legislature - allowing regional interests to influence national lawmaking US Senate represents all 50 states (2 senators per state)

Answer 76

Unitary Power is concentrated within the central government Local governments’ power can be retracted at any time Fed Gov controls local gov spending There can be division of power Confederation Authority is decentralized Central government’s ability to act depends on the consent of the subnational governments What the government was under the Articles of Confederation Federalism Works best in countries that are large & diverse

Answer 77

It lists the national government’s abilities & (enumerated) powers It didn’t originally list the powers of the states - but the states demanded that amendments be made to identify the reserved powers of the states 10th Amendment: powers not delegated to the national government, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states or to the people But this didn’t really happen: Fed government also engaged in administering healthcare, safety, income security, education, and welfare to state residents Not there’s lots of shared & overlapping powers

Answer 78

There’s an Elastic Clause (necessary and proper clause) which allows Congress to make new laws for carrying out the Constitution Allowed the national government to expand its authority beyond what’s specified in the Constitution

Answer 79

Prevents actions that affect personal liberties (by national government) - Cannot eliminate write of habeas corpus (person in custody can petition a judge to decide if their detention is legal) Government cannot pass a bill of attainder (declaring someone guilty without a trail) Gov cannot enact an ex post facto law (criminalizes an act after it has already been committed) Prevents states from - Entering into treaties with other countries Coining money Taxing imports & exports No eliminating habeas corpus, passing bills of attainder, or enacting ex post facto laws Cannot deny citizens the rights they have under the Constitution, due process law, or the equal protection of the laws

Answer 80

Says that the Constitution & the federal law are the Supreme law of the land Have one body of law that unites the country

Answer 81

When 1 state finds a solution to a problem, other states can copy them & use the solution States can create more laws regarding their individual needs (a farming state = more farming laws) National Gov can pass a basic program for the whole country & states can add to the program if they decide to Power is divided - harder for one group to take over the government Individual people can interact with both state & national officials (but state officials are closer)

Answer 82

Can be inefficient - requires cooperation between state & fed governments 1 State’s problems can affect another (pollution in a river) Each state has to have many departments (education, transportation, medicaid, unemployment, etc.) This can be costly for states Not all US citizens are treated the same - different opportunities varying by state

Answer 83

Tax Citizens Set the Budget Regulate Commerce Declare War Provide Advice and Consent on Judicial Appointments Impeach Individuals Oversee the Powers of the Judicial and Executive Branches

Answer 84

Enumerated Implied Inherent

Answer 85

Levy & Collect Taxes Declare War Raise an Army & Navy Coin & Borrow Money Regulate Commerce among the states & with foreign nations Establish federal courts & bankruptcy rules Establish rules for immigration Issue patents & copyrights Only branch that can introduce legislation They have the final decision on many presidential nominations & treaties They can impeach or formally accuse officials

Answer 86

Only Congress

Answer 87

power to collect taxes they are the ones who can actually implement the orders of the other branches - they control whether it's paid for

Answer 88

higher incomes pay a higher percentage

Answer 89

In the House of Reps - no taxation without representation

Answer 90

When the federal government spends more money in a fiscal year than it earns, this deficit spending is often covered by congressional borrowing. Could be used to create jobs during economic recession

Answer 91

The Constitution says that no money can be taken from the federal treasury unless there has been a law authorizing the appropriation (i.e., the authorization for money to be spent).

Answer 92

responsible for setting spending limits and allocating specific funds. Appropriation Committees provide funding for specific projects, agencies, or programs in proposed legislation. Some amounts Congress spends cannot be changed; two examples include the interest on the national debt and benefits for social security recipients.

Answer 93

Sending an annual budget proposal to Congress

Answer 94

a power not expressly defined in the Constitution but permitted to Congress through a loose interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause

Answer 95

Laws that regulate businesses, establish a minimum wage, and allow for the construction and maintenance of interstate highways are all possible because of the implied powers granted by the Necessary and Proper Clause. Today, the majority of Congress’s work is tied to the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Answer 96

powers of the president or Congress that are neither enumerated nor implied but assumed to exist as a direct result of the country's existence These powers were considered so important to the government that the framers did not need to write them down.

Answer 97

the power to control borders of the state, the power to expand the territory of the state, and the power to defend against an internal revolution or governmental coups (overthrow).

Answer 98

the right and responsibility of one body or branch of government to review and monitor other bodies; for example, Congress oversees federal agencies and programs, which are managed by the executive branch It’s implied in Article I

Answer 99

impose and collect taxes

Answer 100

small sets of representatives tasked with considering, researching, introducing, and investigating particular policy areas

Answer 101

a provision of money by Congress for the items requested in a budget

Answer 102

in the context of the U.S. budget, spending that can be changed from year to year through the congressional appropriations process, including spending on scientific research, housing assistance, veterans’ health care, education, and transportation

Answer 103

a plan for how much a government will receive in revenue and spend over the next fiscal year, including a set of budget priorities and discretionary spending limits

Answer 104

spending on often unnecessary local projects that benefit a specific member of Congress's district or state

Answer 105

the ability of an executive to reject specific portions of a piece of legislation rather than reject the entire bill; in the United States, most governors have this power, but the power of line-item vetoes for the president has been ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court It was an attempt to control such wasteful pork-barrel spending

Answer 106

one of the enumerated (expressed) powers of Congress; this is the power to regulate commerce and trade between two or more states It has become the justification for much of the economic regulation that Congress does now, including setting a federal minimum wage and prohibiting discrimination in employment.

Answer 107

a Constitutional power, stating that presidential nominations for executive and judicial posts take effect only when confirmed by the Senate; also, foreign treaties become official only when the Senate approves them by a two-thirds vote

Answer 108

also referred to as an absolute majority, this is a specific number greater than 50 percent, such as two-thirds; this is different from a simple majority, which is any number greater than 50 percent

Answer 109

a political procedure led by a legislator (in the United States, a senator) to delay or prevent debate on a proposal, usually by "holding the floor" and speaking continuously, refusing to yield; to break a filibuster, three-fifths of senators (60/100) present must vote to end it (cloture)

Answer 110

government organizations created by Congress to enforce laws, policies, and government programs; organized under the president in the executive branch and employing millions of federal workers

Answer 111

Bill Proposed Introduced in House or Senate Passed to a Committee & Subcommittee Debate & Voting in Congress Conference committee resolves conflict points (creates unified version of bill) President can sign the bill into law or veto If pres. vetoes, then Congress can override veto by passing vill in the House & Senate by a 2/3rds majority

Answer 112

guide members of Congress in drafting legislation guide proposed laws through Congress inform party members on how they should vote on important issues nominate candidates to run for offices in state government positions, Congress, and presidency coordinate political campaigns and mobilize voters

Answer 113

Every 2 years

Answer 114

the political party with the most seats in the House of Representatives or the Senate

Answer 115

the political party with the least number of seats in the House of Representatives or the Senate

Answer 116

Top to bottom President of the senate (Vice president of US) President Pro Tempore (Senior Member) Senate Majority Leader & Senate Minority Leader Senate Majority Whip & Senate Minority Whip 100 Senators

Answer 117

Top to bottom Speaker of House (Elected by House) House Majority Leader & House Minority Leader House Majority Whip & House Minority Whip 435 Representatives

Answer 118

in the House of Representatives, the elected leader of the majority party who serves as the chief presiding officer; the person who makes committee assignments, controls the agenda and voting, etc.

Answer 119

in the U.S. House of Representatives, the second-in-command to the Speaker of the House; both are from the party with majority control

Answer 120

the elected leader of the minority party; in the U.S. House of Representatives, the leader of the minority party, elected by the party members in the House

Answer 121

in either the House of Representatives or the Senate, a leader from the majority political party whose job it is to help coordinate strategy and maintain discipline among the members of the party; the term comes from a hunting term, "whipper-in," whose job is to prevent hounds from wandering away from the pack

Answer 122

in either the House of Representatives or the Senate, a leader from the minority political party whose job it is to help coordinate strategy and maintain discipline among the members of the party; the term comes from a hunting term, "whipper-in," whose job is to prevent hounds from wandering away from the pack

Answer 123

in the U.S. Senate, the person who serves as the chief presiding officer in the absence of the vice president; this role is often ceremoniously given to the longest-serving senator of the majority party

Answer 124

a small set of representatives or senators who consider, research, introduce, and investigate particular policy areas Not mentioned in Constitution Can be long lasting or temporary

Answer 125

A committee is the first place a bill or proposed piece of legislation goes after being formally introduced by a member of Congress. A committee is also the place where a bill can first die if it does not get enough support. Once a bill dies, in order for it to be reconsidered, it must be reintroduced, and the committee process has to begin all over again.

Answer 126

Ones that will allow them to influence legislation in matters that concern their citizens

Answer 127

Standing Committee Select Join conference Rules

Answer 128

a permanent committee - for recurring issues It exists from session to session for the purpose of researching, writing, and introducing proposed pieces of legislation in a particular policy area Examples include the Senate's standing committees on budgets, finance, foreign relations, agriculture, and the judiciary.

Answer 129

a temporary congressional committee created to investigate a specific issue or policy area not covered by a standing committee. They expire at the end of the congressional session for which they were created.

Answer 130

a committee containing members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate who work together on a specific issue such as economic or tax policies

Answer 131

a type of joint committee whose job it is to form one single bill from of different versions of the same bill passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate It is possible that a bill can pass through the House and Senate with amendments and changes by one chamber that were not approved by the other. In this case, the job of the conference committee is to resolve those differences and send a single version of the bill back to both houses of Congress for their approval.

Answer 132

in the House of Representatives, a powerful committee that decides the rules for debate and amendments made to a piece of legislation; The House Rules Committee can place legislation on an accelerated calendar, limit debate, and limit the number of amendments or changes offered, for example. in the Senate, a similar group called the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration is less powerful, as it does not set the rules of debate Senate has unlimited debate

Answer 133

it is usually limited

Answer 134

it's unlimited- can use filibuster but Senate can use cloture

Answer 135

a tactic in the U.S. Senate where 60 members (three-fifths) of the entire Senate vote to end a filibuster

Answer 136

The bill is introduced and given to the appropriate standing committee. The bill is sent to the Rules Committee. The bill is debated in the House of Representatives and Senate with the possibility of a filibuster in the Senate. The bill is voted on by the House of Representatives and the Senate. The bill is sent to a conference committee to form a single bill. The bill is sent back to the House of Representatives and Senate to be voted on. The bill goes to the president for signature or veto. If vetoed, Congress has the ability to override the veto.

Answer 137

A census is required to decide how many people each state hold - every 10 years

Answer 138

First, each state's population determines the number of seats in the House of Representatives. Second, a state’s number of votes in the Electoral College (the way a president is chosen) is equal to a state’s number of representatives, plus its two senators.

Answer 139

the once-per-decade process of assigning the House of Representatives' 435 seats to districts in the 50 states according to population, as determined by the most recent U.S. census

Answer 140

it must redraw its district lines to accommodate the change. This process is known as redistricting

Answer 141

closely aligned to reapportionment, this is the re-drawing of electoral districts to accommodate changes in a state’s population based on the last census; the goal of redistricting is to create districts that are as equal as possible in population

Answer 142

the process of creating political advantage by re-drawing electoral districts, producing districts biased in favor of one particular political party

Answer 143

By default, the majority party in a state’s legislature has the power to draw districts that concentrate voters of the minority party in a single district. This reduces the minority party’s power in the rest of the state.

Answer 144

A majority-minority district is one in which the majority of voters are of racial or ethnic minorities. These districts often elect minority representatives to Congress, but the drawing of majority-minority district lines often presents legal and constitutional issues. Majority-minority districts can lead to the election of minority candidates in some districts, but often this is at the expense of reducing minority voters' strength in other districts.

Answer 145

Gerrymandering & Race the Supreme Court ruled that, under the Constitution’s Equal Protection Clause, race could not be the “dominant and controlling” motivation for drawing congressional districts.

Answer 146

a constitutional power giving the president authority over all parts of the U.S. military, including promoting and dismissing military commanders and officers

Answer 147

The President

Answer 148

where the president acts alone on important matters (is controversial)

Answer 149

consists of 538 people called electors—each representing one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia—who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president. the candidate who wins the popular vote in November receives all the state’s electoral votes.

Answer 150

Electors (in electoral college) can't vote for presidential candidate who is from their same state This rule means that an elector from Louisiana, for instance, could not cast votes for a presidential candidate and a vice presidential candidate who were both from Louisiana; that elector could vote for only one of these people - scared that big states would dominate

Answer 151

22nd Amendment

Answer 152

is the act of charging a government official with serious wrongdoing; the Constitution calls this wrongdoing "high crimes and misdemeanors."

Answer 153

The House of Representatives could impeach the president by a simple majority vote on the articles of impeachment. The Senate could remove the president from office by a two-thirds majority vote, with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presiding over the trial. If the president was convicted and removed, the vice president would become president.

Answer 154

The president. (hence the annual State of the Union address, where the president discusses their achievements and presents an agenda for the future)

Answer 155

The president

Answer 156

Presidents can also use what is called a pocket veto. When Congress sends a law to the president, the president has 10 days to sign or reject the legislation. If Congress adjourns during that 10-day period and the president does not sign the law, it does not go into effect

Answer 157

group of advisors, to help the president manage his duties, consisting of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch. Today, the heads of the 15 executive departments serve as the president’s official advisors.

Answer 158

National Security Advisor

Answer 159

The Office of Management & Budget

Answer 160

Monroe Doctrine - created by James Monroe

Answer 161

He sent troops to Texas’ border - starting the Mexican-American war

Answer 162

Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson, was almost impeached by Republicans over his Reconstruction policies and programs after the Civil War

Answer 163

(the right to withhold information from Congress, the judiciary, or the public)

Answer 164

Agreements with Foreign Leaders formal agreements between leaders of countries that do not need Senate approval; in the United States, a president can make these agreements without ratification by the Senate (as a treaty would require) Only valid while both leaders (who made it) are in power Executive agreements are not treaties under U.S. law, which require two-thirds of the Senate for ratification. But agreements that require the US to make payments do require legislative approval

Answer 165

Budget and Accounting Act of 1921

Answer 166

pardon/reprieves power of removal veto powers executie orders appointing federal judges signing statements

Answer 167

commander in chief executive agreements (not treaties under US law)

Answer 168

Formal, Constitutional Powers Informal, Powers of Persuasion & Negotiation

Answer 169

Supreme Court ruled in 1926 that the Senate had no right to interfere with the president’s removal power

Answer 170

The president can also use the power of pardon for any person except those who have been impeached or convicted by the states. The president can also commute (i.e., shorten) the sentences of individuals charged or convicted of crimes in federal courts

Answer 171

Executive Memorandum

Answer 172

Executive order

Answer 173

Powers of Persuasion

Answer 174

Domestic Transition team

Answer 175

Foreign Transition Team

Answer 176

General Services Administration

Answer 177

the heads of the Departments of Defense, Justice, State, and the Treasury They’re the Inner Cabinet

Answer 178

President picks/nominates their cabinet They try to pick demographic representation (race, religion, etc.) Senate Confirms or Rejects the president’s nominations Generally the Senate accepts them

Answer 179

Yes, but it requires Senate approval

Answer 180

in the federal court system, any court that is not the federal Supreme Court; in the state court system, any court that is not a state Supreme Court

Answer 181

court cases based on civil law, not criminal law; includes disagreements between individuals and companies, individuals and government agencies, and foreign individuals or governments; also includes questions of constitutionality

Answer 182

Article III of the Constitution

Answer 183

Original Jurisdiction - case heard for first time Appellate Jurisdiction - case heard on appeal from a lower court

Answer 184

They make decision & interpret things But have no power to enforce its choices

Answer 185

Lowest - District (or Trial) Courts where federal and state cases are tried, witnesses testify, and evidence and arguments are presented.

Answer 186

Circuit Courts (US Courts of Appeals) Losing party can appeal to these courts

Answer 187

US Supreme Court of the thousands of requests for appeal, the Supreme Court will usually hear fewer than 100 per year

Answer 188

courts that hear cases in several counties or districts in a state; each case in a circuit court is heard by a panel of three judges who rotate through each of these districts

Answer 189

Judicial Review

Answer 190

President John Adams appointed people to government positions, but his term ended before all the appointment papers were given out. The new president - Thomas Jefferson - didn’t agree with these appointments - so he ordered (his secretary of state - James Madison) to not deliver the paperwork One of the people who was supposed to be appointed (Marbury) then sued Madison to get the paperwork The Supreme Court ruled that Marbury was entitled to his paperwork But they also said that the Judiciary Act of 1789 passed by Congress was unconstitutional And so this established Judicial Review

Answer 191

Common Law this is oppose of code law - judge's only apply the law the form of law that is based on custom, precedent, and court decisions in England, rather than on legislative decree

Answer 192

State decisis

Answer 193

Judicial Activism

Answer 194

Strict Constructionist

Answer 195

Loose Constructionist

Answer 196

Judicial Restraint

Answer 197

proponents of judicial restraint focus on a narrow, strict interpretation of the Bill of Rights People who call for judicial restraint say that elected officials shouldn’t have their policies overturned by unelected judges Restraint linked with strict interpretation of constitution

Answer 198

If they think that it's a political question

Answer 199

Under criminal law, governments create rules and punishments. Laws define behaviors that are forbidden State or national government charges that person with the crime Example: Miranda vs Arizona

Answer 200

Civil Law Cases

Answer 201

Civil Law cases

Answer 202

Any case that involves: A foreign government, patent or copyright infringement, Native American rights, maritime law, bankruptcy, a controversy between two or more states federal court jurisdiction disputes between two parties not from the same state or nation and in which damages of at least $75,000 are claimed

Answer 203

A criminal violation of federal law - cases heard by national courts

Answer 204

Civil Violation of Federal law - heard by national courts

Answer 205

Bill of rights - these cases heard by national courts

Answer 206

Miranda vs Arizona led to Miranda rights - needing to be read

Answer 207

94 - at least one per state

Answer 208

District courts are the trial courts of the national system, where federal cases are tried, witness testimonies are heard, and evidence is presented. No district court crosses state lines, and a single judge oversees each one. Some cases are heard by a jury, and some are not.

Answer 209

i.e., U.S. Courts of Appeal) After District Courts, losing parties may appeal their case to these courts

Answer 210

No trials - just review the rulings of the district courts Only cases on appeal

Answer 211

Rotating panel of 3 judges in each court Judges are nominated by the president and approved by the Senate

Answer 212

Case must be chosen by justices 4 out of the 9 justices must want to hear it (rule of 4)

Answer 213

They each get 3 or 4 law clerks - recent law school graduates who do research & give the justice background info on the cases

Answer 214

The Supreme Court will consider hearing it

Answer 215

Supreme Court

Answer 216

Majority vote wins If there is a tie (because one justice couldn’t be there), it is a “no” verdict - lower court verdict remains

Answer 217

The justices who voted with the majority side The reasons for this vote

Answer 218

The justices who voted against the decision The reasons for this vote

Answer 219

The different reasons why justices voted with the majority decision

Answer 220

Supreme Court

Answer 221

The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and state laws cannot conflict with it.

Answer 222

14th Amendment

Answer 223

unequal educational opportunities, laws that limit the voting rights of some citizens, state support of a church or pattern of religious beliefs, and situations involving the unequal administration of laws.

Answer 224

Supremacy Clause

Answer 225

Levy & collect Taxes Borrow Money Establish Courts Define Crimes & Set Punishments Claim private property for public use

Answer 226

regulate interstate and foreign commerce, raise and support armies, declare war, coin money, and conduct foreign affairs

Answer 227

Implied powers of Congress

Answer 228

Elastic Clause It states that if a state law clashes with a federal law, the federal law prevails

Answer 229

10th Amendment

Answer 230

Full Faith & Credit Clause Thus, an adoption certificate or driver’s license issued in one state is valid in any other state.

Answer 231

Privileges & Immunities Clause

Answer 232

Supreme Court used the Elastic (necessary & proper) Clause to expand the power of the Federal Government Said that creating a national bank would allow the national gov. To carry out several of its enumerated powers (regulating interstate commerce, collecting taxes, and borrowing money) McCulloch vs Maryland

Answer 233

Gibbons v. Ogden Could the Fed gov regulate licensing of steamboats operating between New York & New Jersey?

Answer 234

Commerce Clause

Answer 235

House of Reps

Answer 236

House of Reps

Answer 237

All bills for taxation start in the House - no taxation without representation

Answer 238

House of Reps

Answer 239

They put limits on the debate times and such in the House

Answer 240

The House of Reps - they bring the accusations

Answer 241

Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, & Donald Trump were impeached

Answer 242

They have longer 6-year terms so they have less accountability to the people who elected them

Answer 243

their entire state

Answer 244

They can amend them

Answer 245

The Vice President

Answer 246

With Cloture - a 2/3 vote of Senate

Answer 247

President appoint federal judges, ambassadors, cabinet secretaries, etc. Senate holds hearing & votes to approve the appointments

Answer 248

Senate must have ⅔ vote to approve

Answer 249

Senate Holds trial to see if they’re guilty, needs (⅔) vote

Answer 250

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

Answer 251

Soft Money

Answer 252

Primary Election

Answer 253

General Election

Answer 254

Political Action Committees

Answer 255

Super Pacs can't give money directly to a candidate or their party They can raise & Spend unlimited funds independently of a campaign or party

Answer 256

The first restrictions on campaign funding

Answer 257

The Federal Election Campaign Act Passed in the 1970s Created by the Federal Election Commissions (FEC)

Answer 258

McCain-Feingold Act

Answer 259

Citizens United Case

Answer 260

Interest Groups

Answer 261

they support Policies that benefit the whole public (environment, infrastructure, consumer rights)

Answer 262

They support policies that only benefit certain groups of people - usually themselves Includes Unions, professional associations, membership groups

Answer 263

Membership Group

Answer 264

Legislative Liaison

Answer 265

Associations (trade associations)

Answer 266

Inside & Outside

Answer 267

Interest groups, corporations, etc. can’t contribute their operating funds to political candidates, so they have to form PACs

Answer 268

Regular PAC

Answer 269

a fundraising strategy in which an individual or PAC collects separate campaign donations & submits them as a single contribution

Answer 270

Buckley vs Valeo

Answer 271

Citizens United (2010)

Answer 272

a candidate for office who presently holds that office and is running for reelection

Answer 273

The Incumbent candidate in an election is more likely to win

Answer 274

Party Members

Answer 275

Electoral Votes

Answer 276

persons selected by each state to cast Electoral College votes

Answer 277

State Delegation

Answer 278

Through primary elections

Answer 279

the campaign seasons start increasingly earlier the campaign process becomes more and more costly

Answer 280

to regular party members for selecting a party's candidates. Gave more power to state party primary elections.

Answer 281

Most states hold primaries 6-9 months before a presidential election. Primary voters choose their preferred candidate anonymously by casting secret ballots. The state where the primary is held takes the results of the vote into account to award delegates to the winners.

Answer 282

There are thousands of delegates who come together from all states & vote at a national convention to pick the 2 presidential candidates

Answer 283

primary method Caucus method

Answer 284

votes are secret Primaries test a candidate's popularity

Answer 285

where voters in each precinct gather and openly cast their votes test candidate's ability to mobilize and organize support among their followers.

Answer 286

Winner - takes - all

Answer 287

when candidates receive government funding to help finance their campaigns

Answer 288

one of 435 legally established areas of a state represented by one member of the House of Representatives; each congressional district is approximately equal in population to all other congressional districts

Answer 289

brokered convention

Answer 290

1 vote for each state’s House of Rep member 2 votes for the state’s senator

Answer 291

3 D.C. is allowed no more electoral votes than the state with the smallest population.

Answer 292

Electors (in electoral college) are supposed to vote in accordance with the party/candidate that appointed them

Answer 293

District method of allocating the electoral college votes

Answer 294

Faithless Electors

Answer 295

winner-takes-all

Answer 296

House of Reps decides In the House, each state gets 1 vote - 50 votes - need 26 to win Senate decides the Vice President

Answer 297

George W. Bush beat Al Gore

Answer 298

A plurality of the state's popular vote

Answer 299

They are any formal association of individuals or organizations that attempt to lobby or influence government decision-making and public policy

Answer 300

They often use a Lobbyist or Lobbying firm

Answer 301

Businesses, corporations, governments, due-paying volunteer groups, trade associations

Answer 302

An Association

Answer 303

Interest Groups

Answer 304

A Political Action Committee PAC

Answer 305

Legislative strategy Try to influence that choices that legislators make They give money Electoral Strategy Work & give to elect a candidate who supports their positions

Answer 306

Buckley vs Valeo

Answer 307

By Bundling

Answer 308

Then the “Bundler” is actually presenting the candidate with huge sums of money - which can have a lot more impact & sway

Answer 309

Citizens United vs FEC Decision

Answer 310

Interest Groups “rate” politicians (using scorecards sometimes) based on their voting records on issues that are important to them That's how they choose which candidates to support

Answer 311

Lobbyists build relationships with lawmakers by giving them accurate info regarding policy proposals

Answer 312

Lawmakers who they think will support their preferred policies Members of relevant committees Lawmakers when legislation is on the floor of the House or Sen (or both) Many members of Congress will follow what their colleagues who are more familiar with a given issue do Members of the conference committees whose ob is ito resolve differences with the bill

Answer 313

Yes. Obviously congress, but also Executive & Legislative Branches (once legislation has been passed) On executive, judicial, and other appointments that require Senate Confirmation

Answer 314

Amicus Briefs (friend of the court briefs) - filing with the court (Judicial Branch) These documents (which the lobbyists file) present legal arguments stating why a court should take a case or why they should rule a certain way (or both)

Answer 315

Amicus Brief

Answer 316

Obergefell vs Hodges

Answer 317

Literacy Tests

Answer 318

being denied the right to vote Tried to do this to Black people on ground of concerns about “election fraud”

Answer 319

historically in the United States, a fee required with the intention of preventing Black people from voting; poll taxes were banned by the 24th Amendment

Answer 320

No it varies by state

Answer 321

Voting Rights Acts (VRA) in 1965

Answer 322

Some states allow you to turn in the application & vote on the same day Others require you wait for like 30 days

Answer 323

Motor Voter Law - 1993

Answer 324

must be a citizen and a resident and be 18 years old. Differing State requirements: Mentally competent Not serving time in jail Some felons lose rights indefinitely Or require a governor’s pardon

Answer 325

after the civil war

Answer 326

States passed laws that promoted segregation Including poll taxes & grandfather Clauses

Answer 327

People didn’t have to pay poll taxes or take literacy tests if their grandfather had been eligible to vote in a certain year So most white people didn’t have to take these tests

Answer 328

the right to vote

Answer 329

Yes, Several states or territories, mostly in the Western U.S., began allowing women to vote in the late 1800s before the 19th Amendment granted that right to all women.

Answer 330

Many argued that the 14th & 15th Amendments implied that women had a right to vote But Supreme court ruled against them

Answer 331

Banned Poll Taxes Passed in 1964 This amendment along with the Voting Rights Act helped to really increase voter participation among Black People

Answer 332

Voting-Eligible Population

Answer 333

socioeconomic status age race gender

Answer 334

education then income then occupation

Answer 335

non-mandatory participation issues at voting polls - strict photo ID laws Limited days for election apathy social protest

Answer 336

straight-ticket voting

Answer 337

Ballot fatigue occurs when someone votes only for the top or important ballot positions, such as president or governor, and stops voting rather than continue to the bottom of a long ballot.

Answer 338

retrospective voting

Answer 339

prospective voting

Answer 340

strategic voting

Answer 341

90% of the time

Answer 342

incumbents have name recognition and voting records. The media is more likely to interview them because they have advertised their name over several elections and have voted on legislation affecting the state or district. Incumbents have also won an election before, which increases the odds that political action committees and interest groups will give them money. Incumbents can also benefit from gerrymandering, Incumbents also have franking privileges, which allow them a limited amount of free mail to communicate with the voters in their districts incumbents have existing campaign organizations

Answer 343

Safe seats are created due to unnatural boundaries.

Answer 344

Nominating Convention

Answer 345

The closed primary

Answer 346

In an open primary, voters of any affiliation may vote in the primary of any party. In a closed primary, only voters registered with a given party can vote in that party’s primary.

Answer 347

Civil Rights

Answer 348

Civil Liberties

Answer 349

Civil Rights

Answer 350

Civl Rights

Answer 351

Civil Liberties

Answer 352

Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)

Answer 353

Age Discrimination Act of 1975

Answer 354

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Answer 355

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 356

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Answer 357

Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968):

Answer 358

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Answer 359

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer 360

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 361

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964:

Answer 362

This law made it illegal to discriminate on the basis of sex in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

Answer 363

Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978:

Answer 364

the accuser - the government is seen as right initially

Answer 365

Intermediate Scrutiny Test

Answer 366

The government

Answer 367

Strict Scrutiny Test

Answer 368

on the government the government must prove that there is a compelling reason for a racial, gender, or ethnic distinction.

Answer 369

Dred Scott vs Sandford

Answer 370

Plessy v Ferguson

Answer 371

Brown vs Board...

Answer 372

Browder vs Gayle

Answer 373

Loving vs Virginia

Answer 374

Jones vs Mayer Co

Answer 375

Freedom Summer

Answer 376

Selma to Montgomery Marches

Answer 377

Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike

Answer 378

Civil Rights act of 1964

Answer 379

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Answer 380

Civil Liberties

Answer 381

Yes in the constitution

Answer 382

Rights - because this is the government protecting people from other people

Answer 383

Civil Liberties - the government stays out of privates lives

Answer 384

Habeas Corpus Outlawed by the Constitution

Answer 385

Bills of Attainder Outlawed by the Constitution

Answer 386

ex post facto laws Outlawed by the Constitution

Answer 387

Bill of Rights

Answer 388

Lemon Test

Answer 389

Does the law or action have a secular (non-religious) purpose or intent? Does the law or action have the effect of advancing or inhibiting a particular religious faith or practice? Does the law or action lead to "excessive entanglement" or involvement between government and religion?

Answer 390

A warrant must describe the place to be searched and the person or things to be seized.

Answer 391

if a person consents to the search if the search happens where the person lacks a "reasonable expectation of privacy" if the item in question is in plain view if the police fear that, during the time a warrant is being sought, evidence will be tampered with or destroyed if the police reasonably suspect a person is involved in criminal activity They can stop and frisk someone Don’t need a warrant to use a drug-sniffing dog

Answer 392

Exclusionary Rule

Answer 393

Fruits of the poisonous tree

Answer 394

“Good faith” exception - police believed they were correct “Inevitable discovery” - the evidence would have been found anyway

Answer 395

Does not apply to different levels of government Can be acquitted (found not guilty) in state court, but the federal government can still indict and try you if you violated a federal law Can still be held responsible for damages in a civil trial as a result of the criminal act

Answer 396

5th - under "your life, liberty, or property cannot be taken away without due process"

Answer 397

Due Process

Answer 398

6th Protects against being contained indefinitely by the government

Answer 399

Potential Jurors

Answer 400

Statutory Right

Answer 401

8th Excessive is undefined for bail for fines - the amount must be consistent with the offense committed, character of the defendant, and the harm caused to others

Answer 402

Mentally insane people & juveniles

Answer 403

no, not since 2022

Answer 404

2008 - Supreme Court ruled that it was a person’s constitutional right to possess firearms Before this, it was just common-law

Answer 405

The facts decided by a jury in a civil trial are not to be questioned, When a civil case is appealed, the court’s interpretation and application of the law is appealed not the facts established by the jury

Answer 406

The judge is responsible for interpreting and applying the law, while the jury is responsible for determining the facts.

Answer 407

Common Law

Answer 408

a neutral place for the settlement of personal disputes

Answer 409

Eminent Domain

Answer 410

Public Uses: Building roads, public parks, creation of jobs, enhancement of government taxes/revenues Outlawed - aiding private parties to create jobs/economic development

Answer 411

prohibit Establishment or Exercise/Practice of any religion

Answer 412

Establishment Clause

Answer 413

A law must be Secular (a law should have some nonreligious purpose/justification for the law to exist) Neutral (neither hinder nor advance any religious practice), No Excessive Entanglement

Answer 414

Free Exercise Clause

Answer 415

Sherbert vs Verner Free Exercise Clause issue

Answer 416

Made it difficult for national/state governments to interfere with religious practices

Answer 417

Burwell vs Hobby Lobby

Answer 418

Carson vs Makin

Answer 419

it cant exclude religious schools - because this is discrimination against them It just can’t directly support the schools

Answer 420

Freedom of speech, press, assembly, and petition

Answer 421

a direct call or plan to imminent lawless action (an illegal act in the immediate future) Fighting words Genuine Threats Slander Libel

Answer 422

Texas vs Johnson

Answer 423

Tinker vs Des Moines

Answer 424

Cohen vs California

Answer 425

Miller vs California

Answer 426

Miller Test

Answer 427

community standards state law lacks literary, artistic, etc. value

Answer 428

Slander - Speaking Libel - writing

Answer 429

Political Protection

Answer 430

Brandenburg vs Ohio

Answer 431

Branzburg vs Hayes

Answer 432

Equal Protection Clause

Answer 433

Rational - young people, blind, etc. discrimination Intermediate scrutiny - gender & sex discrimination Strict: racial, ethic, religious discrimination

Answer 434

disenfranchisement

Answer 435

DOMA - marriage act

Answer 436

Windsor vs US

Answer 437

Obergefell vs Hodges

Answer 438

Respect for Marriage Act

Answer 439

“The act does not (1) affect religious liberties or conscience (2) require religious organizations to provide goods or services to formally recognize or celebrate a marriage, (3) affect any benefits or rights that do not arise from a marriage, or (4) recognize under federal law any marriage between more than two individuals.

Answer 440

civil rights act of 1964

Answer 441

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 442

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 443

Voting Rights Act 1965

Answer 444

Seneca Fall, NY in 1848 Wanted to see that women got suffrage (right to vote) Their efforts led to several states passing laws that allowed married women to retain control of their property and let divorced women keep custody of their children

Answer 445

Married women’s legal identities were erased

Answer 446

Equal Rights Amendment ERA

Answer 447

Griswold vs Connecticut - 1965

Answer 448

Roe v Wade

Answer 449

first trimester- without restriction. In the second and third trimesters, however, the states could regulate abortions

Answer 450

Planned Parenthood vs Casey

Answer 451

Mass Media

Answer 452

Public Relations

Answer 453

Minimal Effects Theory

Answer 454

Hypodermic Theory

Answer 455

Cultivation theory

Answer 456

agenda setting

Answer 457

Pack Journalism

Answer 458

Have press secretary & Office of Communications

Answer 459

the president What the media chooses to cover is what the president thinks is important to voters

Answer 460

Can’t publish troop movements & names of undercover operatives or classified info

Answer 461

Prior Restraint

Answer 462

Equal-Time Rule

Answer 463

Fairness Doctrine

Answer 464

Miller vs California

Answer 465

Broadcast Media

Answer 466

Communications Act of 1934

Answer 467

Limited advertising Serving local & minority communities No monopolies Censors inappropriate materials Equal time rule - candidates given equal time

Answer 468

If the coverage is purely news If it's a candidate's supporters who are doing the "show"

Answer 469

Fairness Doctrine of 1949

Answer 470

Muckracking

Answer 471

Sunshine Laws

Answer 472

Freedom of Information Act FOIA

Answer 473

Human resource, medical, and national defense records

Answer 474

Reporter's privilege

Answer 475

Branzburg vs Hayes

Answer 476

Political Socialization

Answer 477

Political Ideologies

Answer 478

Not unless something profound happens

Answer 479

Socialization Agents

Answer 480

Gender, race, location

Answer 481

religion, peer groups

Answer 482

The generation they’re born into Political conditions a person lives through

Answer 483

political information provided under the pretense that it is neutral, or unbiased. Ex: Presenting a story on climate change by interviewing representatives of only one side of the debate and downplaying the opposing view - not saying that it’s one-sided

Answer 484

Progressive, Liberal, Independent, Conservative, Libertarian

Answer 485

Classic Liberalism

Answer 486

Modern Liberalism

Answer 487

Traditional Conservatism

Answer 488

Modern Conservativism

Answer 489

Authoritarianism

Answer 490

Total control of a country is possessed by the ruling party of the dictator. Opposition to the regime is eliminated with violence. Individual interests are less important than the collective good of the nation or race

Answer 491

Heuristics

Answer 492

Deciding on a candidate based on their... Political party membership Gender, race, socioeconomic status, Supported by certain groups, and interest group affiliation also serve as heuristics for decision-making

Answer 493

Geographic location Workplace Political Elites The popular people that others follow on the internet/media to get their info from Age Gender Race Religion

Answer 494

Bandwagon Effect

Answer 495

Horse-Race Journalism

Answer 496

When they're trying to pass an agenda, they can say - "look the public supports it/me"

Answer 497

Supreme court - they serve for life