URTI, LRTI, Urinary, Eye Infections Flashcards
What are symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections?
- Cough
- Sneezing
- Stuffy or Runny nose
- Sore throat
- Headaches
- Muscle Aches
- High Temperature
- Breathlessness/Tight Chest/Wheezing
- Feeling generally unwell
What are types of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections?
- Common Cold
- Sinusitis
- Tonsilitis
- Laryngitis
What microbes cause Upper Respiratory Tract Infections?
- Rhinovirus
- Coronavirus
- Influenza
- Parainfluenza
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
How can Sinusitis progress?
- Bacterial super-infection common with sinusitis and otitis media which can lead to mastoiditis, meningitis, brain abscess
How can you treat bacterial upper respiratory tract infections?
- 500 mg amoxicillin x 3 daily for 5 days
- In penicillin allergy: Doxycycline 200mg on the 1st day then 100mg once daily for a total of 5 days
- Clarithromycin 500mg twice daily for 5 days
What are general treatment for URTI?
- Stop smoking
- Antivirals/Antibiotics (can adopt a delayed strategy)
- Decongestants
- Nasal Sprays
- Paracetamol/Ibuprofen
- Cough Medicines, Throat Lozenges
- Prevention: Hygiene, Flu Vaccination, Pneumococcal Vaccine, Stop Smoking,
What are symptoms of Lower Respiratory Tract infections?
- Chesty cough
- Wheezing and shortness of breath
- Chest pain or Discomfort
- High temperature
- Headache
- Aching muscles
- Tiredness
What are types of LRTI?
- Pneumonia
- Bronchitis
What are the usual causative organisms in LRTI?
- H.inluenzae
- S.pneumoniae
- S.aureus
- See GP if coughing blood, cough for more than 3 weeks, pregnancy, over 65, weak immune system, LTC
How is a LRTI managed?
- Analgesics
- Preventing dehydration
- Cough medicines
- Smoking cessation
- Chest X-ray. Bacterial such as pneumonia requires antibiotics (pneumonia requires radiological evidence)
- Self care such as air humdierfier, raising head when sleeping, drink water to make it easier to cough
What is the treatment for LRTI?
-
CURB-65 = 0
- 500 mg amoxicillin x 3 daily for 5 days
- In penicillin allergy: Doxycycline 200mg on the 1st day then 100mg once daily for a total of 5 days
- Clarithromycin 500mg twice daily for 5 days
-
CURB-65 = 1/2
- Dual therapy of 500 mg amoxicillin x 3 daily for 7-10 days and Clarithromycin 500mg twice daily for 7-10 days
- In penicillin allergy: Doxycycline 200mg on the 1st day then 100mg once daily for a total of 5 days
How are LRTI infections prevented?
- Cover mouth when coughing or sneezing
- Wash your hands regularly
- Throw away tissues immediately
- Annual flu vaccination, pneumococcal vaccine
- Stop smoking
- Alcohol reduction
What are the types of Urinary Tract infections?
- Upper UTI
- Lower UTI
- Complicated UTI
- Uncomplicated UTI
What is an uncomplicated UTI?
Defined as infection by a usual organism in a patient with a normal urinary tract and normal urinary function. May occur in males or females of any age
What is a complicated UTI?
-
UTI when one or more factors are present that predispose the person to persistent infect, recurrent infection or treatment failure.
- Most cases in children, men and pregnant women are investigated as complicated.
- Abnormal urinary tract
- Virulent organism
- Impaired host defences
- Impaired renal function
- Most cases in children, men and pregnant women are investigated as complicated.
What are symptoms of Lower UTI and Upper UTI?
- Lower UTI
- Frequency and Urgency
- Pain or burning sensation when peeing
- Smelly.
- Grittiness
- Low grade fever
- Upper UTI
- Fever
- Loin Pain
- Dysuria and Frequency
What are investigations for UTI?
- Turbidity
- Dipstick testing (Leucocyte esterase (+), Nitrites (+ for e. coli), Haematuria (+), Proteinuria (+)
- Imaging: Septic Patient, Males with posterior urethral valves, females with vesico-ureteric reflux
What is the management of an Uncomplicated UTI and simple cystitis treated?
- Increase fluid intake, address underlying disorders
- Prescription of antibiotics can be made on symptoms alone
- Nitrofurantoin 50mg four times daily orally or 100 mg twice daily (MR) or Trimethoprim 200 mg twice daily)
- Analgesia 10 day course if impaired renal function, abnormal urinary tract
- Seek help if you develop fever, loin pain check with cultures post treatment in children and pregnant women.
How is complicated lower UTI treated?
Prescribe a 7-day course of:
- 200mg of Trimethoprim twice daily (give folate as well 5mg for pregnancy women)
- 50 mg of Nitrofurantoin 4 times daily or 100 mg twice daily
- 500 mg Cephalexin twice daily or 250mg 6 hourly
How is Pyelonephritis treated?
- Co-amoxiclav
- Ciprofloxacin
- Gentamicin IV
How UTI prophylaxis administered?
Trimethoprim or Nitrofurantoin on a single nightly dose
What are symptoms of conjunctivitis?
Inflammation of the conjunctiva which is a layer of tissue surrounding the eye
- Blood shot eyes
- Burn or feel gritty
- Produce pus that sticks to lashes
- Itch
- Water
How is conjunctivitis managed?
- Easing of symptoms
- Using cotton wool to clean eyelash of crust
What are symptoms of Uveitis?
- Inflammation of the choroid layer of the eye
- Red eye
- Sensitivity to light
- Blurry vision
- Headache
