Urology / Renal Flashcards
classic triad of nephrotic syndrome
Low serum albumin
proteinuria
Oedema
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
minimal change disease
treatment of nephrotic syndrome
High dose steroids (i.e. prednisolone)
Low salt diet
Diuretics may be used to treat oedema
Albumin infusions may be required in severe hypoalbuminaemia
Antibiotic prophylaxis may be given in severe cases
classic triad of haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Haemolytic anaemia
Acute kidney injury: failure of the kidneys to excrete waste products such as urea
Thrombocytopenia: low platelet count
most common cause of haemolytic uraemic syndrome
E.coli 0157
symptoms of haemolytic uraemic syndrome
usually occur 5 days after onset of diarrhoea
Reduced urine output
Haematuria or dark brown urine
Abdominal pain
Lethargy and irritability
Confusion
Oedema
Hypertension
Bruising
Management of haemolytic uraemic syndrome
medical emergency
its self limiting and supportive managent is mainstay of treatment
common causes of nephritic syndrome
post-streptoccocus glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease).
what does nephritic syndrome cause?
Reduction in kidney function
Haematuria: invisible or visible amounts of blood in the urine
Proteinuria: although less than in nephrotic syndrome
what does undescended testes in older children or after pubery increase the risk of?
testicular torsion
testicular cancer
infertility
treatment of undescended testes
watch and wait
Orchidopexy should be carried out between 6 and 12 months of age.
what is Hypospadias ?
urethral meatus is abnormally displaced posteriorly on the penis
what are the complications of Hypospadias ?
Difficulty directing urination
Cosmetic and psychological concerns
Sexual dysfunction
what diagnosis should cross your mind in a teenage boy with Acute/sudden onset of unilateral testicular pain
testicular torsion
what is often the trigger for testicular torsion?
Activity (playing sports)
