Urology lecture

Question 1

What are the 4 types of incontinence?

Answer 1

1. Stress incontinence
2. Urgency incontinence
3. Continuous incontinence
4. Overflow incontinence

Question 2

What is urgency incontinence?

Answer 2

Urgency incontinence is the precipitous loss of urine preceded by a strong urge to void.

Question 3

Who will commonly experience urgency incontinence?

Answer 3

Patients with cystitis, neurogenic bladder, and advanced bladder outlet obstruction with secondary loss of bladder compliance.

Question 4

What is a common cause of continuous incontinence?

What are the other causes of continuous incontinence?

Answer 4

Continuous incontinence is commonly due to urinary fistula which bypass the sphincter.
The second major cause is an ectopic ureter that enters either the urethra or the female urinary tract.

Question 5

Why are men not commonly affected by ectopic ureters?

Answer 5

The ectopic ureters almost always enter the neck of the bladder or the urethra proximal to the external sphincter.

Question 6

What is urge incontinence? Who are commonly affected by urge incontinence?

Answer 6

Urge incontinence is the precipitous loss of urine, followed by a strong urge to void. Commonly seen in patients with cystitis, neurogenic bladder, and advanced bladder outlet obstruction with secondary loss of bladder compliance.

Question 7

What is the normal bladder capacity and the frequency of urination?

Answer 7

Normal bladder capacity is 400ml. Frequency of urination is different for different people, but could be 8 times a day and 2 times at night.

Question 8

What are the possible reasons for increased frequency of micturition?

Answer 8

• Residual urine which reduces the functional capacity of the bladder
• Inflammation of the bladder which reduces the capacity of the bladder due to pain from stretching the bladder and the loss of compliance of the bladder due to inflammatory oedema
• diseases causing reduced bladder capacity such as tuberculosis, radiation cystitis, schistosomiasis, and interstitial cystitis
• conditions irritating the bladder such as stones, very low or high pH of urine

Question 9

What are the possible causes of urgency?

Answer 9

Inflammation or irritation of the bladder due to foreign stones causing obstruction, inflammation or neuropathic bladder dysfunction.

Question 10

Name the post-void symptoms

Answer 10

Dribbling and sensation of incomplete voiding.