Urology Crash Course Flashcards
Urinary stones classically obstruct at three major sites
Gold standard for urinary tract calculi?
Non contrast CT KUB
Spontaneous passage of stones
Conservative management of small stones
Analgesia and anti-emetics (PR diclofenac)
Discharge - stone clinic
3 methods for intervention
Ureteroscopy
Urological procedure often utilising energy devices to break up the stone
Shockwave lithotripsy
Non-invasive procedure that uses shockwaves to break up the stones
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Nephroscope is passed into the collecting system and used to break up stones
Tends to be reserved for larger stones such as stag horn calculi
Stag horn calculi
Cause = urease producing bacteria (proteus mirabilis)
Urgent decompression. - stones
Nephrostomy and a ureteric stent
If infection/AKI
Nephrostomy under local anaesthetic
Often preferred in severe sepsis
Stent and nephrostomy
Hydrocele
Typically present with a non-tender scrotal swelling that trasnilluminates
In infants - often related to a patient processes vaginalis
Other causes - trauma, infection, cancer but often idiopathic
Communicating vs non-communicating hydrocele
Patent processes vaginalis - infants - communicating
Non-communicating normally in adults
Testicular cancer accounts for …% of new cancers diagnosed in men in the UK
1%
A
D
E
A
All of the above
Cyclophosphamide
Muscle invasive vs non-muscle invasive bladder cancer
