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Metabolic > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

What lobe enlarged in BPH

A

Median

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2
Q

Where does prostate cancer most commonly occur

A

Posterior lobe

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3
Q

First line examination for suspected prostate cancer?

A

PSA

Biopsy

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4
Q

Stag-horn calculi formed of?

A

Struvite - magnesium ammonium and phosphate
Proteus infection
Urine pH >7.2

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5
Q

Most common renal stone?

A

Calcium oxylate - 85% of stones
Radio-opaque
Urine pH - 6

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6
Q

Other renal stones?

A

Uric acid - 5-10%
Calcium phosphate 10%
Cystine 1%
Struvite 2%

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7
Q

Which stone is associated with renal tubular acidosis?

A

Calcium phosphate

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8
Q

What are cystine stones?

A

Inherited recessive disorder of transmembrane cystine transport
Urine pH 6.5

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9
Q

First line for renal colic?

A

Diclofenac

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10
Q

Management renal colic?

A

Stones <5 mm pass spontaneously
Emergency surgery
Shockwave lithotripsy
Ureteroscopy - pregnant

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11
Q

Prevention of calcium oxylate stones?

A 
High fluid intake
Low animal protein diet
Low salt diet
Thiazide diuretics
Cholestyramine 
Pyridoxine
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12
Q

How do cholestyramine and pyridoxine work?

A

Reduce urinary oxylate secretion

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13
Q

Imaging modality for renal stone?

A

Non-contrast CT

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14
Q

What stones are radiolucent?

A

Uric acid

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15
Q

Risk factors for renal stones?

A 
Anatomical anomalies
Hypertension
Gout
Dehydration
Drugs
Hot climates
Hyperparathyroidism
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16
Q

Management of renal stones?

A

NSAIDs
Antiemetic
Rehydration
Shock wave therapy

17
Q

What is functional incontinence?

A

Unable to reach toilet in time

18
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

Involuntary leakage of urine on effort or exertion
Incompetent sphincter
Sneezing/coughing

19
Q

What is urge incontinence?

A

Sudden desire to urinary that cannot be deferred

Detrusor instability

20
Q

What is overactive bladder syndrome?

A

Urgency that occurs with or without incontinence

21
Q

What is overflow incontinence?

A

Chronic bladder outflow obstruction

22
Q

What is a neurogenic bladder?

A 
Dysfunction of bladder due to disease of the CNS
Overflow incontinence
Frequency
Urgency
Urge incontinence
Retention
23
Q

Causes of neurogenic bladder?

A 
Peripheral nerve disease
Spinal cord disease
Slipped disc
Neural tube defects
Brain tumour
Stoke
Parkinsons
MS
Syphilis
24
Q

What is flaccid neurogenic bladder?

A 
Large volume
Low pressure
Absent contractions
Spinal cord damage at S2-S4
Overflow incontinence
25
Q

What is spastic neurogenic bladder?

A

Involuntary contractions
Brain damage or spinal cord damage above T12
Overactive bladder

26
Q

Causes of unilateral hydronephrosis?

A 
PACT
Pelvic-ureteric obstruction
Aberrant renal vessels
Calculi
Tumours of renal pelvis
27
Q

Causes of bilateral hydronephrosis?

A 
SUPER
Stensosis of the urethra
Urethral valve
Prostatic enlargement
Extensive bladder tumour
Retro-peritoneal fibrosis
28
Q

What is acute epididymo-orchitis?

A 
Clinical syndrome of pain, swelling and inflammation of the epididymis with or without inflammation of the testes. 
Most commonly occurs due to chlamydia
Other causes:
Gonorrhoea
Mumps
Coxsackie A
E. coli
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
Syphilis
29
Q

Features of epididymo-orchitis?

A 
Unilateral scrotal pain
Discharge
Tenderness
Swelling
Relief on elevation of testes
30
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Torsion of the spermatic cord
Occlusion of blood vessels
Left side more commonly affected

31
Q

Features of testicular torsion?

A 
Sudden severe pain
Lower abdominal pain
Nausea, vomiting
Red, swollen scrotum
Retracted testis
Absent cremasteric reflex
32
Q

What is the cremasteric reflex?

A

Stroking inner thigh causes retraction of testes

33
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

Accumulation of fluid
Non-tender
Transilluminate

34
Q

Complications of hydrocele?

A

Wound infection
Infertility
Testicular atrophy
Haematoma

35
Q

What is an epididymal cyst?

A 
Smooth
Multiple, bilateral
Small cysts
Transilluminate
Can be distinguished from the testis

Metabolic (5 decks)

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