Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CCs > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

What is increased in the serum in AKI?

A

Creatinine and urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a pre-renal cause of AKI?

A

Hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a post renal cause of AKI?

A

Obstruction
Stricture
Cancer
BPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What would a urine dip show in AKI?

A

Blood
Protein
UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name 4 nephrotoxic drugs.

A

NSAIDS
Gentamicin
ACEi
Metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can uraemia present?

A 
Restless legs. 
Vomiting 
Bone pain 
Pruritus.
Fatigue.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When do symptoms start to occur in CKD?

A

Stage 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the definition of CKD?

A

GFR<60 ml/min/1.73m2 for at least 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the definition of end stage kidney disease?

A

GFR <15ml/min/1.73m2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can cause CKD?

A 
Reflux nephropathy
Diabetes
Hypertension 
Vascular 
Pyelonephritis 
Glomerulonephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What anaemia may be present in CKD?

A

Normochromic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When might CKD warrant referral?

A 
Stage 4/5
Moderate proteinurea
Rapidly falling eGFR
BP poorly controlled
Genetic
Renal artery stenosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four stages of CKD management?

A

1) Identify and treat reversible causes: Obstructions, drugs, high calcium
2) Limit progression and complications:
- Reduce BP to 130/80
- Treat PTH to prevent renal bone disease
- Statin
- Healthy diet, avoiding potassium and phosphate
3) Symptom control
- replace iron, b12, folate for anaemia
- bicarbonate for any acidosis
- Quinine for restless legs and cramp
- gabapentin
4) prepare for replacement therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What will be positive on a UTI urine dip?

A

Nitrates

Leucocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can cause sterile pyuria?

A 
Treated UTI 2 weeks previously 
Appendicitis
Polycystic kidneys
Bladder tumour 
Papillary necrosis 
Calculi/prostatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is acute and chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Acute - infection within renal pelvis, may include parenchyma.
Chronic - scarring due to multiple infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What may be viewed on a renal ultrasound scan of someone with CKD?

A

Small kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What metabolite imbalance may exist in CKD?

A

Low calcium, high phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can cause acute pyelonephritis?

A

Ascending bladder infection.

Spread from other source via the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where may pain be felt in pyelonephritis?

A

Loin, suprapubic, back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?

A

Systemically unwell: rigors, fever, malaise, nausea and vom.
Urinary symptoms.
Pain on kidney palpation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does cloudy offensive smelling urine that tests positive for blood, nitrates, proteins & leucocytes suggest?

A

Acute pyelonephritis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Complications of acute pyelonephritis?

A

AKI
Sepsis
Abscess
Papillary necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Signs and symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Systemic, dysuria, hypertension, loin pain, CKD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What may imaging of the kidney show in chronic pyelonephritis?
Renal USS - small, thin cortex | IV pyelogram - cortical & ureteric scarring
26
How is chronic pyelonephritis managed?
Give longer ABx if UTI Control BP to slow progression Resolve any obstructions Dialysis/transplant
27
Why does hydronephrosis occur?
Generally due to an obstruction.
28
What condition occurs when there is unilateral renal swelling due to a failure of normal urine drainage?
Hydronephrosis.
29
What symptoms may occur in severe hydronephrosis?
- abdo/flank pain - nausea/vom - dysuria - fever - incomplete voiding
30
What is a common complication of hydronephrosis?
UTI
31
How is hydronephrosis managed?
- remove blockage - catheterise - ABx if needed - ureter stents - nephrostomy tube - surgery
32
In what condition does the inner (transitional) zone of the prostate enlarge?
BPH
33
What symptoms can occur in BPH?
``` Nocturia Haematuria Stones Frequency Hesitancy and post micturition dribbling Over flow incontinence ```
34
Investigation of BPH
``` Assess impact on life PR MSU U&E Cancer rule out - biopsy, USS ```
35
What type of drug is finasteride?
5 alpha reductase inhibitor
36
What drug is first line for BPH?
Alpha blocker such as Doxazotin
37
How does alpha blockers work?
Block alpha adrenoreceptor: vasodilation & decreases resistance to bladder outflow
38
Why does caution need to be taken with alpha blockers and antihypertensives?
Can lead to hypotension. | Omit B-blocker - inhibits compensatory tachycardia
39
How does a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor work?
Shrinks prostate size
40
What side effects can occur with 5 alpha reductase inhibitor?
Impotence, lowered libido, gynaecomastia - breast cancer
41
Who needs to avoid exposure to finasteride?
pregnant women
42
What is the commonest male malignancy?
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate
43
How can prostate cancer spread?
Blood - blone | Locally through lymph - seminal vesicles, bladder and rectum
44
When may a man be able to have a radial prostatectomy for their cancer?
If they are younger than 70 and the cancer is localised
45
What are the 3 prognostic factors for prostatic cancer?
Pretreatment PSA Tumour stage Tumour grade
46
What type of bladder cancer predominates in the UK?
Transitional cell
47
What is a risk factor for squamous cell bladder carcinoma?
Schistosomiasis
48
Red flag symptom of bladder carcinoma?
(Painless) haematuria | also may have recurrent UTIs and irritable voiding
49
For what stage bladder carcinoma is transurethral cystoscopy/resection of the bladder considered?
Early stages up to T1
50
When may intravesical chemo be considered as a treatment for bladder carcinoma?
If there are multiple small high grade tumours
51
How can renal carcinomas spread?
Directly - renal vein Lymph Haemotogenous: bone, liver and lung
52
What are the signs and symptoms of renal cell carcinoma?
``` Haematuria Loin pain Abdo mass Loss of appetite Malaise ```
53
What investigations should be done for renal cell carcinoma?
BP - raised from renin secretion. Bloods: FBC - polycythaemia, ESR, ALP, U&Es Urine dip Imaging
54
What site of renal cell carcinoma is more common in men?
Proximal renal tubular epithelium
55
What is the problem with radiotherapy and chemotherapy in renal cell carcinoma? What is the best treatment option?
It is resistant. Radical nephrectomy Consider biologics for mets
56
What are the three common sites of urinary tract stones?
1) pelviureteric junction 2) Pelvic brim 3) Vesicoureteric junction
57
What is the differential if there is loin to groin pain and the patient cannot lie still, feels sick?
Renal colic - renal stones
58
What obstruction can mimic appendicitis and diverticulitis?
Mid ureter obstruction
59
What obstruction may cause an irritable bladder, pain in scrotum, penile tip/labia majora?
Lower ureter obstruction
60
Define strangury.
Urge to urinate but unable
61
Symptoms and signs of obstruction:
``` UTI Pylonephritis Haematuria Sterile pyuria Proteinuria Anuria ```
62
What drugs can increase the risk of urinary stones?
``` Diuretics Antacids Corticosteroids Theophylline Aspirin ```
63
What is the management of urinary stones?
``` Pain relief - diclofenac ABx if required Fluids (lower ureter/small stones may spontaneously pass) Medical expulsion therapy Percutaneous stent ```

CCs (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions