Urology Flashcards
Almost pathognomonic symptom of GN
RBC casts (dysmorphic RBCs) in urine
Acute GN is often a few weeks after
Pharyngitis
Skin infection
Symptoms of GN
Hypertension
Oliguria
Hematuria mostly microscopic
Periorbital oedema
Treatment of acute streptococcal GN
Penicillin
Loop diuretics to relieve oedema
Restrict sodium, protein and fluid - DIET IS VERY IMPORTANT to prevent chronic disease
Types of dialysis
Haemodialysis (AV fistula takes a few months to mature) - best
Peritoneal - can be done immediately
Treatment of chronic kidney disease
Bone density: ergocalciferol and cinacalcet
Hypertension: ACE inhibitors
Anemia: erythropoietin
Diet
Loop diuretics?
Most common cause of GN worldwide
IgA nephropathy
Diagnosis of prostate cancer
Rise in PSA
Then biopsy guided by TRUS
(Us doesn’t always detect tumours or gives false positives, biopsy still required)
Prostrate cancer treatment of choice for older men and patients with significant comorbidity
External beam radiotherapy
Treatment of prostate cancer
Radical prostatectomy
+ bilateral orchidectomy
+ or androgen deprivation therapy:
Goserelin
Flutamide, bicalutamide
Bacterial prostatitis treatment
Trimethoprim!
Cephalexin
Amox
BPH treatment
TURP
Alpha 1 adrenergic blockers: tamsulozin, doxazosin;
5 alphareductase inhibitors: finasteride
Nephrotic syndrome features
Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminuria
Hyperlipidemia
Generalised oedema
Nephrotic syndrome treatment
1 line: prednisolone
2 line: cyclophosphamide
Also diuretics
Low fluid and low salt diet
Main feature of nephrotic syndrome
Loss of protein
Screening for CKD
uACR (urine albumin to creatinine ratio)
eGFR
What’s HMG CoA reduces inhibitors?
Statins
Number of cysts on ultrasound to confirm diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease
15-39 - 3;
40-60 - 2;
Over 60 - 4
Renal calculus at ureterovesical junction management
Stone removal (via ureteroscopy)
+
Stent placement
If indwelling urinary catheter can’t be inserted due to urinary meatus trauma
Then Suprapubic catheter
Diabetes medication that can cause increased risk of bladder cancer
Pioglitazone
Reiter’s syndrome
Urethritis +
conjunctivitis +
Prostate cancer to buy testicular cancer to lungs arthritis
Most common neurological complication of chronic renal failure
Peripheral neuropathy
Premature ejaculation treatment
Fluoxetine
