Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Internal Medicine > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

What GFR indicates kidney failure

A

< 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the number 1 cause of renal vascular disease

A

Diabetic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What in the labs, indicates an AKI

A

An abrupt or rapid decline in renal filtration
Elevated serum creatinine and decrease GFR
Azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is azotemia

A

rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes pre renal azotemia

A

perfusion (50%) – kidney working fine but the things that perfuse it aren’t

volume loss, heart failure, loss of peripheral vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common cause of prerenal azotemia

A

Hypovolemia

*meds: ACE, ARB, NSAID, Contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes intrinsic kidney injury

A

Tumor lysis syndrome
Vasculitis (SLE, Sarcoidosis)
Crystals from gout
Myoglobin from rhabdomyolysis
Nephrotoxic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are nephrotoxic drugs

A

aminoglycosides (gentamicin), cyclosporine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do RBC casts indicate

A

glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do WBC casts indicate

A

Pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do muddy brown casts indicate

A

ATN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do waxy casts indicate

A

CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do Hyaline casts indicate

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you treat an AKI

A

IV Fluids remove drugs if present and sometimes Lasix to get the kidneys moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is generally the cause of post renal AKI

A

Obstructive issue –> most likely the prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes acute tubular necrosis

A

from kidney ischemia/toxins

*pre renal failure is most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is seen with interstitial nephritis

A

WBC casts + eos + hematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you diagnose interstitial nephritis

A

renal biopsy, discontinue offending drug, steroids, dialysis if needed, usually self-limiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the common causes of glomerulonephritis

A

group A strep, IGA, anti-GBM, ANCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the MC infectious cause of acute glomerulonephritis

A

post strep glomerulonephritis
- either from strep pharyngitis or strep skin infection (impetigo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing CKD

A

measurement of GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is CKD managed

A

Blood pressure control < 130/80, ACE or ARB, A1c 6.5-7.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How will someone in CKD typically present

A

hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a 62-year-old man who presents to your office with a sudden onset of fever and rash. His review of systems is negative. He was recently started on omeprazole for acid reflux 14 days ago. Routine laboratory tests reveal a serum creatinine of 3.5 mg/dL and eosinophilia. Urine studies showed white blood cell casts. What is the likely diagnosis

A

Acute interstitial nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 5 Ps that cause interstitial nephritis

A

Pee (diuretics)
Pain (NSAIDs)
Penicillin
PPI
RifamPin

26
Q

What alpha blockers are used with BPH

A

Tamsulosin
Terazosin

27
Q

What does Finasteride do

A

Helps shrink the size of the prostate gland in those with BPH

28
Q

What is a TURP and what is it used for

A

Transurethral resection of the prostate

For those with refractory BPH

29
Q

an 85-year-old man who comes to his primary care provider after a week of hematuria. He has not been ill lately and has had no complaints of pain on urination. A CT scan with contrast is ordered demonstrating a variable filling defect. What is the likely diagnosis

A

bladder cancer

30
Q

What is the typical presentation of someone with bladder cancer

A

Cigarette smoker; presents with painless gross hematuria

31
Q

What is the most common type of bladder cancer

A

transitional cell carcinoma

32
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing bladder cancer

A

cystoscopy with Biopsy

33
Q

How do you treat bladder cancer

A

surgery, biologics, and chemo

34
Q

a 25-year-old male with a dull, achy scrotal pain that has been gradually increasing over the last several days. He also reports pain with urination. Physical exam reveals a swollen right testicle with substantial induration. Urinalysis reveals positive leukocyte esterase and 20 WBC/HPF. What is the likely diagnosis

A

Epididymitis

35
Q

How is epididymitis acquired

A

by the retrograde spread of organisms through vas deferens

36
Q

What are the risk factors for epididimytis

A

Men < 35: chlamydia/ gonorrhea
Men > 35: E.coli

37
Q

What are the common symptoms of epididymitis

A

Epididymitis is characterized by dysuria, unilateral dull aching scrotal pain that can radiate up the ipsilateral flank

38
Q

What is prehn’s sign

A

Prehn’s sign = relief with elevation

39
Q

How do you diagnose epididymitis

A

Urinalysis reveals pyuria and bacteriuria; cultures are positive for suspected organisms

40
Q

How do you treat epididymitis

A

supportive
If E.Coli: Levofloxacin or Bactrim
STI: ceftriaxone + doxy

*Refer sexual partner(s) for evaluation and treatment if contact within 60 days of the onset of symptoms

41
Q

What is glomerulonephritis

A

Damage of renal glomeruli by deposition of inflammatory proteins in glomerular membranes as a result of immunologic response

42
Q

What are the main causes of glomerulonephritis

A

hematuria, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, postinfectious GN, IgA nephropathy, hereditary nephritis

43
Q

What is the general presentation of glomerulonephritis

A
  • hematuria, urine = tea/cola-colored,
  • oliguria/anuria,
  • edema of face and eyes in the morning and of the feet/ankles at night;
  • HTN is common
44
Q

How do you diagnose glomerulonephritis

A

hematuria, RBC casts, proteinuria, HTN, decreased GFR

45
Q

How do you diagnose hypervolemia

A

Pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz) to measure CVP (definitive):

46
Q

How do you treat hypervolemia

A

fluid restriction

47
Q

What is the basic difference between nephritic and nephrotic syndrome

A

nephrotic syndrome involves the loss of a lot of protein, whereas nephritic syndrome involves the loss of a lot of blood

48
Q

What are some causes of nephritic syndrome

A

infections, immune system disorders and inflammation of the blood vessels

49
Q

How do you diagnose nephritic syndrome

A

high levels of BUN and creatinine and on urinalysis, there’s hematuria, proteinuria and RBC casts in the urine

*A 24-hour protein collection is necessary to quantify how many proteins are lost through urine - proteinuria is generally under 3.5 grams per day

50
Q

If glomerulonephritis is caused by strep, how do you treat it

A

Nifedipine instead of ACE/ARB

51
Q

a 34-year-old male with hematuria and flank/abdominal pain. He denies any recent trauma. He reports a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, and his family history is significant for his mother who died of a “brain bleed” at age 42. Vital signs are significant for a blood pressure of 158/105 mmHg. On physical exam, there a late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click and tenderness upon palpation of the abdominal flanks. An ultrasound of the abdomen shows bilateral anechoic renal cysts with posterior enhancement. What is the likely diagnosis

A

Polycystic kidney disease

52
Q

What are the common symptoms associated with polycystic kidney disease

A

high blood pressure, back or flank pain, and a swollen abdomen

*associated with cerebral aneurysms

53
Q

What is the diagnostic test of choice for polycystic kidney disease

A

ultrasound

54
Q

Where is the most common area for prostate cancer to appear

A

peripheral zone

55
Q

What is the normal prostate level

A

4

*if over 4–> BPH, cancer, or prostatitis

56
Q

What is the age range for prostate cancer screening recommendation

A

55-69

*over 70 is contraindicated

57
Q

a 32-year-old female presents with fever, chills, nausea and flank pain for 24 hours. She developed dysuria and urinary frequency 3 days prior and states that both have worsened. On physical exam, you note suprapubic abdominal pain and CVA tenderness. The urinalysis reveals white blood cell casts. What is the likely diagnosis

A

pyelonephritis

58
Q

What are the common symptoms of pyelonephritis

A

Irritative voiding + fever + flank Pain + nausea and vomiting + CVA tenderness

59
Q

What typically causes pyelonephritis

A

E. coli

60
Q

Colicky flank pain radiating to the groin, hematuria, CVA tenderness, and nausea and vomiting. What is the likely diagnosis

A

Renal calculi

61
Q

What should be avoided with a calcium oxalate stone in the kidney

A

*most common stone
avoid grapefruit juice

62
Q
A

Internal Medicine (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions