Urology

Question 1

State the symptoms of bladder outflow obstruction x7

Answer 1

Frequency, urgency, nocturia, weak stream, intermittency, staining, Incomplete emptying

Question 2

State 4 causes of urethral strictures

Answer 2

Infection, Inflammation, Trauma, Iatrogenic

Question 3

State the difference between paraphimosis and phimosis

Answer 3

Phimosis is when the foreskin is pulled back up before its ready, forming a scar and becoming hard to retract in future

Paraphimosis is when the foreskin have been retracted but is unable to return to original position

Question 4

Define testicular torsion

Answer 4

Twisting of the spermatic cord cutting off blood supply to the testicle resulting in pain and swelling

Question 5

Define hematuria

Answer 5

The presence of red blood cells in urine, microscopic and macroscopic

Question 6

Describe classification of hematuria according to occurrence during voiding and what it suggests

Answer 6

Initial - urethral damage
Terminal - damage to bladder neck, prostate, trigonal area
Painless - malignancy
Total - damage to bladder, ureters, kidney