Urology Flashcards
What are the two types of testicular cancer?
Seminomas
Non-seminomas
(both are germ cell tumours which is why they are happen in younger men)
What are risk factors for testicular cancer?
Undescended testes
Male infertility
Family history
Increased height
What is the presentation for testicular cancer?
Painless lump (hard, irregular, not fluctuant, no transillumination)
What are the tumour markers for testicular cancer?
Alpha-fetoprotein
Beta-hCG
Lactate dehydrogenase (non specific)
What is the Royal Marsden Staging system?
Stages testicular cancer:
Stage 1 - isolated to the testicle
Stage 2 - spread to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes
Stage 3 - spread to the lymph nodes above the diaphragm
Stage 4 - metastasised to other organs
What are the common places for testicular cancer to metastasise to?
Lymphatics
Lungs
Liver
Brain
What are the long term side effects of treatment for testicular cancer?
Infertility
Hypogonadism
Peripheral neuropathy
Hearing loss
Lasting kidney, liver or heart damage
Increased risk of cancer in the future
What is interstitial cystitis?
Hypersensitivity of the bladder
Lower urinary tract symptoms and suprapubic pain
What are risk factors for bladder cancer?
Aromatic amines (in dye and rubber)
Smoking
Increased age
Schistosomiasis (causes squamous cell carcinoma)
What are the treatment options for bladder cancer?
TURBT
Intravesical chemotherapy
Intravesical BCG vaccine
Radical cystectomy
What is the most common type of kidney tumour?
Renal cell carcinoma
What is the triad of presentation for renal cell carcinoma?
Haematuria
Flank pai
Palpable mass
What are the subtypes of renal cell carcinoma?
Clear cell (80%)
Papillary (15%)
Chromophobe (5%)
Wilm’s tumour in children
What are the risk factors for renal cell carcinoma?
Smoking
Obesity
Hypertension
End-stage renal failure
Von Hippen-Lindau Disease
Tuberous sclerosis
What are cannonball metastases?
Lung mets from renal cell carcinoma
