Urological systems

Question 1

Role of urinary system

Answer 1

• elimination of waste
• regulation of body fluid
• acid base balance
• regulation of electrolyte balance
• hormone production (renin and erythropoietin)
• produce glucose from other substrates not carbohydrates
• vit D production

Question 2

Organs of urinary system

Answer 2

Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

Question 3

Topography of kidney in different species

Answer 3

DOG AND COW: T13 to L3
HORSE: T15-17 to L1
CAT AND PIG: L1 to L4

Question 4

Kidney longitudinal section

Answer 4

• Parenchyma is enclosed in tough fibrous capsule
• Parenchyma is visibly divided into outer cortex and inner medulla
• Cortex is red-brown fine granular appearance
• Central medulla has a striated look
• Medulla consists of dark outer zone where medullary rays stretch into the cortex, and the paler radially striated inner zone that extends to the renal sinus

Question 5

Medulla arrangement

Answer 5

• In many species the medulla is organised as many discrete masses each roughly pyramidal in form
• each medullary pyramid and it’s associated cortex is called a renal lobe
• These kidneys are said to be multi lobular or multi pyramidal
• The apex of the pyramid is towards the renal sinus

Question 6

Multi-pyramidal kidneys

Answer 6

• Bovine kidneys don’t lose their foetal lobation
• NO renal pelvis, ureter divides into calyx
• which is a cup like expansion of the renal pelvis

Question 7

Uni-pyramidal kidneys

Answer 7

• DOG HORSE CATS SHEEP
• pyramids fuse to form a singular medullary mass
• no papillae
• forms common crest

Question 8

Kidney Innervation

Answer 8

• Sympathetic nerves; are through the celiacomesenteric plexus along the renal arteries
• Vagus nerve contributes to parasympathetic nervous supply

Question 9

The bladder

Answer 9

• Contracted bladder rests on the pubic bones
• In the pelvic cavity in larger species but extends into the abdomen in carnivores
• Larger species bladders are larger retroperitoneal but most of the surface becomes intraperitoneal when expanded
• 3 folds attach the urinary bladder to the abdominal and pelvic walls
• Paired lateral vesicle folds carry the round ligaments of the bladder, these vestiges of the umbilical artery
• Median fold is empty in an adult, in foetus it supports the urachus

Question 10

The female urethra

Answer 10

• Runs caudally on the pelvic floor below the reproductive tract
• Opens ventrally at the junction of the vagina and the vestibule
• Cow and Sow: suburethral diverticulum makes catheterisation difficult
• In the bitch; orifice is raised on a tubercle

Question 11

The male urethra

Answer 11

• Starts from internal orifice at the bladder neck to an external orifice at the free extremity of the penis
• Common tract for sperm and urine
• Pelvic and penile aspects
• Pelvic part is joined by a deferent duct and any other ejaculatory ducts

Question 12

Uterovesicle junction

Answer 12

• the ureter penetrates the bladder wall very obliquely
• the ureter is compressed as the intravesical pressure rises

Question 13

Blood supply of bladder

Answer 13

• Caudal vesicle artery is the major arterial supply to the bladder
• It arises from the uterine (females) or prostatic (males) branch of the internal pudendal artery
• Cranial vesical artery is the terminal ending of the umbilical artery

Question 14

Bladder innervation

Answer 14

• Autonomic fibres reach the bladder through the sympathetic hypogastric and parasympathetic pelvic nerves
• Sensory and motor fibres are carried through the pudendal nerve