Urological Cancerous Flashcards
What types of cancer are there ?
Renal cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
What are the clinical features of kidney cancer
Painless haematuria / persistent microscopic haematuria is a red flag symptom and can reflect urological malignancies
What are the features of RCC?
Loin pain
Palpable mass
Metastatic disease symptoms - bone pain, haemoptysis
What are the investigations I f you have painless visible haematuria?
Flexible cystoscopy (to look into the bladder)
CT urogram
Renal function
What are the investigations for persistent non visible haematuria
Flexible cystoscopy
US KUB
What are the investigations for suspected kidney cancer
CT renal triple phase
staging CT chest
bone scan if symptomatic
What are the TNM staging of RCC
What is the Furhman Grade for kidney cancer
What is the management for kidney cancer
What are types of bladder cancer
Transitional cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
What is the aetiology for bladder cancer*
Smoking
What is the aetiology for kidney cancer*
What are the clinical features for bladder cancer
Painless haematuria/persistent microscopic haematuria can is a red flag symptom and can reflect any of these urological malignancies
Additional Features of bladder cancer include
Suprapubic pain
Lower urinary tract symptoms and UTI
Metastatic disease symptoms –bone pain, lower limb swelling
What are investigations for painless visible haematuria
Flexible cystoscopy
CT urogram
Renal function
What are the investigations for persistent microscopic haematuria
Flexible cystoscopy
US KUB
What do you do if biopsy proves muscle invasive
Staging investigations
How does the TNM staging work for bladder cancer
What is the WHO classification for bladder cancer when grading
How does a transurethral resection of bladder lesion work and what does it show*
A transurethral resection of bladder lesion uses heat to cut out all visible bladder tumour.
This provides histology and also can be curative.
What does the management protocol for bladder cancer depend on?
Whether it is muscle invasive or non muscle invasive
What is the management protocol for non muscle invasive
- If low grade and no CIS then consideration of cystoscopic surveillance +/- intravesicular chemotherapy/BCG
What is the management for invasive muscle bladder cancer
Cystectomy
Radiotherapy
+/- chemotherapy
Palliative treatment
What are the types of prostate cancer
Mostly adenocarcinoma
What is the aetiology for prostate cancer
Increasing age
Western nations(Scandinavian countries), Ethnicity(African Americans)
Family genetics
What are screening tests for prostate cancer
Blood tests for Prostatic Specific Antigen Increase - could happen due to infection / cancer / enlarged / prostatitis / Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostate examination
MRI*
Trans perineal prostate biopsy:*
What is the TNM staging for prostate cancer
What is the Gleason score for grading prostate cancer(
What does the management of prostate cancer depend on
What are the side effects for treatment of prostate cancer
The prostate contains the proximal sphincter
Prostatectomy removes the proximal urethral sphincter and changes urethral length.
Risk of damage to cavernous nerves ( innervation to bladder and urethra)(7)
Damage to cavernous nerves causes ED
Urinary incontinence
What is the management of stage 1 testicular cancer ?
What is the WHO classification of testicular tumours
What do you if someone presents with testicular cancer
History - breast enlargement/ weight loss/ history of undescended testicles/ surgery / fertility issues
Examine
What tests do you do for testicular cancer*
Serum tumour markers:
- e.g. Alpha fetoprotein
Ultrasound of testicle to see if there is a mass / inflammation
How to treat testicular cancer
What is the prognosis for testicular cancer
