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Urology > Urological Cancerous > Flashcards

Urological Cancerous Flashcards

1
Q

What types of cancer are there ?

A

Renal cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma

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2
Q

What are the clinical features of kidney cancer

A

Painless haematuria / persistent microscopic haematuria is a red flag symptom and can reflect urological malignancies

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3
Q

What are the features of RCC?

A

Loin pain
Palpable mass
Metastatic disease symptoms - bone pain, haemoptysis

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4
Q

What are the investigations I f you have painless visible haematuria?

A

Flexible cystoscopy (to look into the bladder)
CT urogram
Renal function

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5
Q

What are the investigations for persistent non visible haematuria

A

Flexible cystoscopy
US KUB

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6
Q

What are the investigations for suspected kidney cancer

A

CT renal triple phase
staging CT chest
bone scan if symptomatic

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7
Q

What are the TNM staging of RCC

A
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8
Q

What is the Furhman Grade for kidney cancer

A
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9
Q

What is the management for kidney cancer

A
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10
Q

What are types of bladder cancer

A

Transitional cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

What is the aetiology for bladder cancer*

A

Smoking

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12
Q

What is the aetiology for kidney cancer*

A
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13
Q

What are the clinical features for bladder cancer

A

Painless haematuria/persistent microscopic haematuria can is a red flag symptom and can reflect any of these urological malignancies

Additional Features of bladder cancer include
Suprapubic pain
Lower urinary tract symptoms and UTI
Metastatic disease symptoms –bone pain, lower limb swelling

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14
Q

What are investigations for painless visible haematuria

A

Flexible cystoscopy
CT urogram
Renal function

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15
Q

What are the investigations for persistent microscopic haematuria

A

Flexible cystoscopy
US KUB

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16
Q

What do you do if biopsy proves muscle invasive

A

Staging investigations

17
Q

How does the TNM staging work for bladder cancer

A
18
Q

What is the WHO classification for bladder cancer when grading

A
19
Q

How does a transurethral resection of bladder lesion work and what does it show*

A

A transurethral resection of bladder lesion uses heat to cut out all visible bladder tumour.

This provides histology and also can be curative.

20
Q

What does the management protocol for bladder cancer depend on?

A

Whether it is muscle invasive or non muscle invasive

21
Q

What is the management protocol for non muscle invasive

A
  • If low grade and no CIS then consideration of cystoscopic surveillance +/- intravesicular chemotherapy/BCG
22
Q

What is the management for invasive muscle bladder cancer

A

Cystectomy
Radiotherapy
+/- chemotherapy
Palliative treatment

23
Q

What are the types of prostate cancer

A

Mostly adenocarcinoma

24
Q

What is the aetiology for prostate cancer

A

Increasing age
Western nations(Scandinavian countries), Ethnicity(African Americans)
Family genetics

25
Q

What are screening tests for prostate cancer

A

Blood tests for Prostatic Specific Antigen Increase - could happen due to infection / cancer / enlarged / prostatitis / Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostate examination

26
Q

MRI*

A
27
Q

Trans perineal prostate biopsy:*

A
28
Q

What is the TNM staging for prostate cancer

A
29
Q

What is the Gleason score for grading prostate cancer(

A
30
Q

What does the management of prostate cancer depend on

A
31
Q

What are the side effects for treatment of prostate cancer

A

The prostate contains the proximal sphincter

Prostatectomy removes the proximal urethral sphincter and changes urethral length.

Risk of damage to cavernous nerves ( innervation to bladder and urethra)(7)

Damage to cavernous nerves causes ED

Urinary incontinence

32
Q

What is the management of stage 1 testicular cancer ?

A
33
Q

What is the WHO classification of testicular tumours

A
34
Q

What do you if someone presents with testicular cancer

A

History - breast enlargement/ weight loss/ history of undescended testicles/ surgery / fertility issues
Examine

35
Q

What tests do you do for testicular cancer*

A

Serum tumour markers:
- e.g. Alpha fetoprotein
Ultrasound of testicle to see if there is a mass / inflammation

36
Q

How to treat testicular cancer

A
37
Q

What is the prognosis for testicular cancer

A

Urology (5 decks)

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