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Urinary Exam #3 > Urolithiasis SA (Byron) (Parts 1 & 2) > Flashcards

Urolithiasis SA (Byron) (Parts 1 & 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Calculi (or stones) in the urinary tract

A

Urolithiasis

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2
Q

(T/F) The lower the urine concentration (specific gravity), the more likely crystals are to form

A

False, the higher the urine conc.

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3
Q

(T/F) The lower the temperature of the urine, the more likely crystals are to form

A

True

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4
Q

(T/F) The lower the concentration of inhibitor substances, the more likely crystals are to form

A

True

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5
Q

(T/F) The lower the excretion of calculogenic substances, the more likely crystals are to form

A

False, the higher the excretion

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6
Q

(T/F) pH has an impact on the formation of ALL crystals

A

False, pH can have an impact on the formation of SOME BUT NOT ALL crystals

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7
Q

What stone is extremely sensitive to the pH of the solution?

A

Struvites, magnesium ammonium phosphate
- in high pH (basic) they are going to precipitate out
- at low pH (acidic) they go back to the solution

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8
Q

What is the MOST common stone in dogs?

A

Struvite

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9
Q

What is the MOST common stone in cats?

A

Calcium Oxalate

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10
Q

On what stone does the pH have no effect?

A

Calcium Oxalate

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11
Q

(T/F) Diet can be beneficial for an animal with Calcium Oxalate

A

False, no diet will prevent Calcium Oxalate from reforming if they already formed once

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12
Q

List the reasons when Crystals are a Problem:

A
  • If seen in a patient who is a known stone-former
  • Patient with lower urinary tract signs
  • Male cat with a history of plug formation/obstruction
  • Persistent, significant crystalluria noted
  • Urate and cystine crystals
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13
Q

Predisposing Factors to stone formation:
- Primarily dogs, Staph spp., struvites
- Cystine, calcium oxalate
- Urate, calcium oxalate
- May predispose, but not a disease in itself

A
  • Infection
  • Tubular defects
  • Metabolic defects
  • Crystalluria
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14
Q

What is the key to diagnosing stones in a patient?

A

Radiographs

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15
Q

In dogs ________ and ________ are the most radiopaque, and then cystine and urate (may not be very well visible)

A

struvites, calcium oxalates

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16
Q

In cats ________ are more radiopaque than struvites

A

Calcium oxalates

17
Q

coffin shape crystal

A

struvite

18
Q

In a cat, struvites occur in the ___________ in sterile urine

A

bladder

19
Q

(T/F) 50% of stones in dogs are associated with UTI from Staph spp. and Proteus

A

True

20
Q

For what stone, do they belive, there is a genetic component?

A

Calcium Oxalate

21
Q

__________ urinary citrate (and Mg and pyrophosphate) can combine with calcium and oxalic acid (soluble) and reduce CaOx (insoluble) production

A

increased

22
Q

Hypercalcemia can predispose to:

A

Hypercaliuria

23
Q

Oxalate can be absorbed from the:

A

GI tract

24
Q

_____________ deficiency can increase urinary oxalate levels

A

Vitamin B6

25
Q

(T/F) Dissolution for calcium oxalate is effective

A

False, dissolution is NOT effective and must be physically removed

26
Q

What is the end product of vitamin C?

A

Oxalate

27
Q

What stone is the following describing?
- Rare in cats
- Frequently recur
- Look for hepatic dysfunction, although not always present (ammonia urate circulating)

A

Urate

28
Q

Medical dissolution for urate stones is _________ (useful/not useful) in cats

A

not useful

29
Q

In dogs, diet management of urate stones is ___________ (useful/not useful)

A

useful

30
Q

What stone is the following describing?
- Very rare in cats
- DSH and Siamese cats
- Defect in renal tubular transport

A

Cystine

31
Q

What stone is the following describing?
- Rare (esp. females) but getting more common, frequently recur in dogs
- acidic urine pH
- Defect in renal tubular transport

A

Cystine

32
Q

You have an 11-year-old female spayed miniature schnauzer that you just removed 4 calcium oxalate stones from by cystotomy. This was the first time this dog had stones. What sort of post-op plan will you make?

A

Increase water intake, add potassium citrate to the diet and radiograph every 3 months to monitor for recurrence

33
Q

Nephroliths in SA
We do not generally remove them unless:

A
  • Recurrent UTI
  • Evidence of obstruction of ureter/renal pelvis
  • Evidence of pain
34
Q

Match the ureter sizes with the correct species:
- 1.3 - 2.7 mm diameter
- 1 mm outside, 0.4 mm lumen

A
  • Canine
  • Feline
35
Q
  • May indicate previous obstruction and permanent renal damage
  • Clinically significant obstruction is often seen on the “BK” side
A

Big Kidney, Little Kidney

36
Q

Ureteral are made of smooth muscles, what medications might you use to relax the muscles?

A

Prazosin - alpha 1 antagonist, can lead to hypotension
Tamsulosin - alpha 1A specific, less risk of hypotension

Urinary Exam #3 (5 decks)

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