Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oncology > Urogenital Cancer > Flashcards

Urogenital Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Renal cancer incidence

A

2-3% of cancers in adults
Increasing incidence
M>F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Risk factors for renal cancer

A

Smoking
Obesity
Hypertension

2-3% are familial - von hippel-lindau syndrome - vHL gene mutation - clear cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Treatment of renal cancer

A

If localised = nephrectomy for cure
Even if metastatic = nephrectomy to increase response to treatment

Most are clinically silent until locslly advanced or metastatic

VEGF pathway inhibition
mTOR inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sunitinib

A

Inhibits VEGF receptor, PDGF receptor and cKIT oncogene

Oral drug
1st line for renal cancer

Side effects:

  • HYPERTENSION
  • Hemorrhage
  • Hand and foot syndrome
  • V and D
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
  • LFT dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sorafenib

A

Inhibits VEGF, PDGF, FGF, CRAF and BRAF

2nd line

Side effects same as sunitinib - look for HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bevacizumab

A

Antibody to VEGF

? use of bev and TKIs combo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mTOR inhibitors

A

Increased mTOR –> increased HIF –> increased tumour proliferation, growth, survival and angiogenesis

Temsirolimus and Everolimus

Side effects:

  • Mucositis
  • N and A
  • infection
  • anaemia
  • Rash
  • Hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia
  • Pneumonitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prostate cancer incidence

A

1 in 8 men in lifetime
Increasing incidence with increasing age
Rate stable

5yr survival 84%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treatment of early stage prostate cancer

A

Lack of data:

  • surveillance
  • Radical prostatectomy
  • EBRT/brachytherapy

Young patients should have surgery
Older patients = radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Predictors of relapse of prostate cancer

A

High Gleason score - 8-10

PSA doubling time <10 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adjuvant therapy for locally advanced disease

A

Surveillance
Radiotherapy
Hormonal therapy - 2yrs recommended
Combined therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment options for metastatic prostate cancer

A

Hormonal therapy

Chemotherapy for CRPC

Bisphosphonates for bone mets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Androgen deprivation therapy

A

1st line = GnRh agonists +/- Docetaxel
- Must have testosterone antagonist on commencement of treatment

2nd line = GnRH agonists and testosterone antagonists

3rd line = inhibitors of androgen steroidal synthesis - ketoconazole

High volume disease = hormone and docetaxel

Majority of cancers become hormone refractory in18-24 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatment for castration resistant prostate cancer

A

Docetaxel:

  • inhibits disassembly of microtubules during cell cycle progression
  • Inhibits bcl-2 –> apoptosis

Side effects:

  • Alopecia, N+V, pancytopenia, diarrhoea, lethargy
  • Fluid retention
  • Peripheral neuropathy

Survival benefit - 24 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What about docetaxel resistant cancers?

A

Cabazitaxel and abiraterone acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Use of bisphosphonates in prostate cancer

A

Role:

  • Prevents osteopenia with ADT
  • Prevents complications of bone mets
  • Relieves bone pain from mets

Need calcium and vitamin D supplementation
May cause flare in pain on commencement

17
Q

Testicular cancer incidence

A

Rare cancer
75% <40yrs

95% are germ cell tumours - seminomas and NSGCTs

Risk increased with cryptorchidism

> 90% cure rate

18
Q

Good prognostic factors for testicular cancer

A

Seminoma:

  • Any primary site
  • No nonpulmonary visceral mets
  • Normal alpha fetoprotein
  • Any Beta hCG and LDH

NSGCT:

  • Tesicular or retroperitoneal primary
  • No nonpulmonary mets
  • AFP <1000
  • BhCG <5000
  • LDH <1.5xULN
19
Q

Poor prognostic factors for testicular cancer

A

Not applicable to seminoma

NSGCT:

  • Mediastinal primary
  • AFP >10 000
  • BhCG > 50 000
  • LDH >10x ULN
20
Q

Treatment for stage 1 NSGCT

A

Radical inguinal orchidectomy

Surveillence with markers and imaging regularly

? 1-2 cycles of bleomycin + etoposide + cisplatin

21
Q

Why is resection of teratoma important?

A

Teratoma = curable

In 10-15yrs transforms into adenocarcinoma which is incurable

Must resect when benign

22
Q

Treatment of stage 1 seminomas

A

Radical inguinal orchidectomy

Active surveillence regular imaging and tumour markers

23
Q

Treatment of metastatic testicular cancer?

A

70% curable with BEP

Side effects of BEP:

  • N+V, alopecia, lethargy
  • Pancytopenia
  • Hypersensitivity to bleo
  • Pneumonitis due to bleo
  • Peripheral neuropathy, tinnitus and renal impairment from cisplatin

Resect residual masses

Oncology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions