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Botanical Medicine Final > Urogenital and GI Systems > Flashcards

Urogenital and GI Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Which plants are associated with Impotence?

A

Pausinystalia johimbe

Papaver somniferum

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2
Q

What plant is associated with UTIs?

A

Vaccinium macrocarpon

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3
Q

What plant is associated with Vaginitis?

A

Allium sativum

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4
Q

What plant is associated with Childbirth?

A

Rubus idaeus

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5
Q

What plant is associated with Contraception?

A

Dioscorea spp.

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6
Q

Which plants are associated with dysmenorrhea?

A

Ananas comosus

Carica papaya

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7
Q

Rubus ideas

A

Raspberry leaf
Rosaceae
Long history of use to facilitate childbirth
Constituents: flavonoids, polypeptides, glycosides (not well characterized)
Clinical studies: mixed results – some show shorter labour – others showed no benefit
Toxicity: GRAS

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8
Q

Dioscorea spp.

A

Yam genus
Dioscoreaceae
Steroids discovered by Russell Marker
Constituents: steroids which could be converted to progesterone; diosgenin which can be converted to cortisone, pregnenolone, progesterone, and other steroid products
This discovery also led to research on steroid-based therapeutics for skin rashes, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, osteoporosis, and contact dermatitis.

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9
Q

Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. & Carica papaya L.

A

A. comosa = pineapple, Bromeliaceae = source of bromelain
C. papaya = papaya, Caricaceae = source of papain
Both proteolytic enzymes
◦ When taken together, they ease dysmenorrhea symptoms by smooth muscle relaxant effects – yielding decrease in spasms of contracted cervixes

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10
Q

Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille

A

Yohimbe
Rubiaceae
Psychoactive properties
Yohimbe bark is sold as flat pieces covered in lichen
Constituents: indole alkaloids (yohimbine psuedoyohimbine, and coryantheine)
MOA: alpha-adrenergic blocker Effects: sexual stimulant
Toxicity: use under care of physician

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11
Q

Papaver somniferum

A

Opium poppy
Papaveraceae
Used as a “last resort” treatment – most often for treatment of impotence with neurological or pyschogenic origin
Constituents: the alkaloid papaverine is used for this purpose
Effects: sexual stimulant
◦ Must be administered via intracavernosal injection

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12
Q

Anti-bacterial drugs: Cranberry

A

Source: Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, Ericaceae TM: urinary tract health
Active components: polyphenolic compounds: proanthocyanidins (polymer chains of flavonoids such as catechins)
MOA: inhibit adhesion of P-fimbriated E. coli to uroepithelial cells (but not type 1 E. coli)
Clinical relevance: >1 million women in US get UTI’s each year

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13
Q

Garlic

A

Source: Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae)
TM: anti-wart, heart problems, helminths, cholesterol lowering
Active components: sulphur compounds (several sulphides & allicin), glycosides (sativoside B1), monoterpenoids, & flavanoids (based on kaempferol & quercetin structures)
Effects: antibacterial (including QS- inhibition in Pseudomonas), antimycotic, and lipid-lowering effects
Indications: common cold, cough/bronchitis, fevers & colds, inflammation of mouth & larynx, frequent infection
Problems: no toxicity, but inhibits platelet aggregation and should not be used in conjunction with antiplatelet drugs.

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14
Q

Which plants are associated with dyspepsia?

A

Cynara scolymus L., Asteraceae

Gentiana lutea L., Gentianaceae

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15
Q

Which plants are associated with Nausea/ Vomiting?

A

Datura spp., Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus niger L., Solanaceae
Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae

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16
Q

Which plants are associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, bloating & flatulence?

A

Mentha spp., Lamiaceae
Carum carvi L., Apiaceae
Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae

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17
Q

Which plants are associated with diarrhea?

A

Starch (Oryza, Zea, and Solanum spp.)

Astringents (many spp.)

18
Q

Which plants are associated with constipation?

A 
Plantago spp.
Linum usitatissimum L., Linaceae
Triticum aestivum L., Poaceae
Cassia senna L.& C. angustifolia Vahl, Fabaceae
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f., Asphodelaceae 
Rhamnus spp., Rhamnaceae
19
Q

Which plants are associated with gastritis and ulcers?

A

Matricaria recutita L., Asteraceae

Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Fabacaeae

20
Q

Diarrhea

A

Major public health concern, esp. in developing world.
WHO estimates approx. 5 million deaths/year; 2.5 million in children <5 years old
Starch sources (useful in oral rehydration therapies) Rice Oryza sativa L., Poaceae
Polysaccharides hydrolyzed in GI tract and actively shift sodium balance towards mucosal side, enhancing water absorption
Maize Zea mays L., Poaceae
Potato Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae

21
Q

Opiates

A

Papaver somniferum L., Papaveraceae opiate alkaloids slow down peristalsis
◦ Still used in some forms of traditional medicine
◦ Highly effective

22
Q

Tannin creating drugs

A

Tannins are astringent, polymeric polyphenols and can useful in treating diarrhea. These are found in many plants. Examples:
◦ Greater burnet, Sanguisorba officinalis L., Rosaceae ◦ Black catchu, Acacia catechu L., Fabaceae
◦ Oak bark, (Quercus spp.), Quercus robur L., Fagaceae ◦ Tormentil, Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch., Rosaceae
◦ Tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae

23
Q

Bulk-forming laxatives

A

Plantago ovata seeds Plantago psyllium seeds Plantago arenaria seeds Linum usitatissimum seeds Triticum aestivum bran

24
Q

Stimulant laxatives

A

Rhamnus frangula cortex Rhamnus cathartica cortex Rhamnus purshiana cortex Cassia senna fruits & leaves Cassia angustifolia fruits & leaves Aloe vera leaf juice

25
Q

Plantago ovata & P. psyllium

A

Plantaginaceae
Bulk-forming laxative
◦ swelling factor > 9 for entire seeds and >40 for seed husk
◦ Swelling factor = volume of drug before & after water exposure
Also useful for irritable bowel syndrome

26
Q

Linum usitatissimum L., Linaceae

A

Linseed (dried seeds of flax)
Linaceae family
Bulk-forming laxative
◦ Swelling factor of 4 (entire seeds) and 4.5 (powdered drug)

27
Q

Triticum aestivum L., Poaceae

A

Wheat bran (grain husk)
Poaceae family
Bulk-forming laxative
◦ Less useful as laxative (unless taken as natural part of diet like in cereal) b/c contains phytic acid which in large conc. can reduce bioavailability of vitamins

28
Q

Cassia senna & C. angustifolia

A

Fabaceae family
Important in ancient drug trade ◦ Senna -12th century Arabic origin
Stimulant laxative
◦ Constituents: Sennosides A-D
◦ Like other anthraquinones, these act on intestinal mucosa to increase peristalsis of colon & increased water excretion to increase fecal volume & GI pressure
◦ Toxicity: long-term use can cause blackening of colon & higher risk of colon cancer – but overall, few toxic effects observed
◦ Side effects: colic and griping pains due to spastic contractions of smooth muscle in GI tract

29
Q

Aloe vera

A

Xanthorrhaceae family
Early records of Aloe vera use appear in the Ebers Papyrus, Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica and Pliny the Elder’s Natural History
Stimulant laxative
◦ Constituents: anthraquinones & anthraquinone glycosides
◦ MOA, toxicity, and side effects similar to Senna

30
Q

Rhamnus spp.

A

Rhamnaceae family
Barks have strong purgative effects
Stimulant laxative
◦ Constituents: anthrones & anthrone glycosides, Cascarosides
◦ MOA, toxicity, and side effects similar to Senna

31
Q

Stimulant laxative phytochemicals

A 
Emodin
Anthrone
Anthraquinone
Glucofrangulin A
Cascaroside A
Sennoside A
32
Q

Matricaria recutita L.

A

Asteraceae family
Chamomile
Effects: anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antibacterial, and antifungal)
Constituents: essential oils (bisabolol, levomenol) and terpenoids/ guaianolides (matricin), and azulenes (chamazulene)
Toxicity/side effects: relatively safe excluding any allergies related to Asteraceae family

33
Q

Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

A

Fabacaeae family
Licorice
Effects: relieve gastric inflammation (esp. for peptic ulcer & duodenal ulcers); also useful as expectorant, mucolytic and antitussive
Constituents: glycyrrhizic acid, flavonoids, coumarins, and polysaccharides
Toxicity/side effects: not to be used in people with liver disorders, pregnancy, or hypertension

34
Q

Cynara scolymus L.

A

Asteraceae family
Artichoke
Effects: liver protection, cholagogue
◦ Clinical study found reduction in fat intolerance, bloating, flatulence, constipation, abdominal pain and vomiting with leaf extract treatment
Constituents: sesquiterpene lactone cynaropicrin, flavonoids, and cynarin

35
Q

Gentiana lutea L.

A

Gentianaceae family
Yellow Gentian
Effects: bitter stimulant acts directly on mucosa of upper GI tract & stimulates secretion of saliva and gastric juices
◦ Indicated for poor appetite, bloating, and flatulence
Constituents: bitter monoterpenoids (gentiopicroside and amarogentin)

36
Q

Hyoscine: A Tropane Alkaloid

A

Botanical sources:
Scopolia, Datura, Hyoscamus species
Effects: remedy for motion sickness
◦Oral dose or by patch

37
Q

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

A

Zingiberaceae family Ginger
Long history of use
Effects: carminative, anti-emetic, spasmolytic, anitflatulent, antitussive, hepatoprotective, antiplatelet, hypolipidaemic
Constituents: essential oil (zingiberene and Beta- bisabolene) and phenolics (gingerols, shogaols, gingerdiols, ginerdiones)
Toxicity: generally regarded as safe

38
Q

Mentha spp.

A 
Lamiaceae family
mints
Long history of use
Effects: antispasmotic on GI tract
MOA: Calcium antagonist
menthol
   Constituents: essential oil (menthol, menthone,
methylacetate, menthofuran) Toxicity: generally regarded as saf
39
Q

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

A

Apiaceae family
Fennel
Effects: carminative, for indigestion & colic in children, bacteriostatic
Constituents: trans-anethole and fenchone Toxicity: generally regarded as safe

40
Q

Carum carvi L.

A

Apiaceae family
Caraway
Effects: antispasmotic and antimicrobial
◦ Used in dyspepsia, minor GI cramps, and flatulence
Constituents: essential oil (carvone and limonene)
Toxicity: generally regarded as safe

Botanical Medicine Final (16 decks)

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