Urogenital

Question 1

describe bilateral renal agenesis

Answer 1

• associated with oligohydramnios because little or no urine is excreted into the amniotic cavity
• failure of the metanephric diverticulum to penetrate the metanephrogenic blastema results in an absence of renal development because no nephrons are induced by the collecting tubules to develop from the metanephrogenic blastema

Question 2

describe an ectopic kidney

Answer 2

• during development, the embryologic kidneys ascend from the pelvis to their adult position along the posterior abdominal wall and must pass under the umbilical arteries–if a kidney is unable to pass beneath an umbilical artery, it will remain in the pelvis

Question 3

describe a horseshoe kidney

Answer 3

• the lower poles of the kidneys fuse and continue to ascend until it is trapped under the IMA

Question 4

describe a bifid ureter

Answer 4

• due to early, incomplete division of the ureteric bud

Question 5

describe exstrophy of the bladder

Answer 5

• congenital developmental anomaly resulting from failure of the abdominal wall to close during embryogenesis, which causes the posterior bladder wall to protrude through the lower abdominal wall
• epispadias is commonly seen with this condition

Question 6

describe androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 6

• individuals with this condition are normal-appearing females, despite the presence of testes and a 46, XY chromosome constitution
• the failure of masculinization to occur in these individuals results from a resistance to the action of testosterone

Question 7

describe hypospadias

Answer 7

• this condition is marked by an abnormal opening of the penile urethra on the inferior side of the penis
• the opening is secondary to failure of the urogenital folds to close

Question 8

describe epispadias

Answer 8

• this condition is marked by an abnormal opening of the penile urethra on the superior side of the penis
• this opening occurs due to malpositioning of the genital tubercle
• associated with exstrophy of the bladder

Question 9

describe a double uterus, bicornuate uterus and unicornuate uterus

Answer 9

• results from failure of fusion of the inferior parts of the paramesonephric ducts
• if the duplication involves only the superior part of the body of the uterus, the condition is called bicornuate uterus
• a unicornuate uterus develops when one paramesonephric duct does not develop

Question 10

describe agenesis of the vagina

Answer 10

• agensis of the vagina results from failure of the sinovaginal bulbs to develop and form the vaginal plate
• when the vagina is absent, the uterus is usually absent also because the developing uterus (uterovaginal primordium) induces the formation of sinovaginal buls, which fuse to form the vaginal plate

Question 11

describe cryptorchidism

Answer 11

• cryptorchidism = undescended testes, in the abdominal cavity or anywhere along the usual path of descent of the testes, but they are usually in the inguinal canal
• if both testes reamin within or just outside the abdominal cavity, they do not mature and sterility is common
• if uncorrected, these patients have a significantly higher risk of germ cell tumors

Question 12

describe congenital inguinal hernia

Answer 12

• if the communication between the tunica vaginalis and the peritoneal cavity does not close, a persistent processus vaglinais occurs
• a loop of intestine may herniate through it into the scrotum or fhte labium majur

Question 13

describe a hydrocele

Answer 13

• occasionally, the abdominal end of the processus vaginalis remains open (like in congenital inguinal hernia) but is too small to permit herniation of the intestines
• in such cases, peritoneal fluid passes into the patent processus vaginalis and forms a hydrocele of the testes