Urogenital

Question 1

Pollakiuria

Answer 1

increased frequency of urination

Question 2

stranguria

Answer 2

Straining to urinate

Question 3

Dysuria

Answer 3

difficult/painful urination

Question 4

Nocturia

Answer 4

Peeing at night

relevant for animals that don’t have access to outdoors

Question 5

Urinary incontinence

Answer 5

Inability to prevent voiding

Question 6

Azotaemia

Answer 6

Increased concentration of non-protein nitrogenous substances particularly we think of creatine and urea in blood

Question 7

ureamia

Answer 7

Combination of adverse effects from severe or sudden onset of azotaemia (clinical consequences of disease)

Question 8

urinary calculi

Answer 8

Stones, uroliths

Question 9

Myoglobinuria

Answer 9

Brown
indicative of severe muscles damage (rhabdomyolsysis)
“tying up” in greyhounds
Snake invenomation

Question 10

Haemoglobinuria

Answer 10

Excess haemoglobin in the blood

Likely indicative of intravascular haemolysis therefore; anaemia, agglutination, underlying cause

Question 11

How would you prove that it is haemoglobinuria

Answer 11

Centrifuge the urine w/ microhaematocrit tube

Question 12

what are some of the DDX for haemoglobinuria `

Answer 12

IMHA with intravascular haemolysis 
Zinc, onions, cu, 
venal caval syndrome 
DIC 
microangioapthy 
Inherited RBC defect 
Snake enevenomation

Question 13

Haematuria - Very common

Answer 13

Blood in urine
Locate where the blood is coming from
Check the urogenital structure for local bleeding lesions
if none found, and perhaps bleeding is occurring elsewhere, consider a haemostatic disorder as the root of cause
e times of urination

Question 14

what are your DDx for haematuria

Answer 14

Bleeding from genital structure
Bleeding from the urinary tract
Underlying haemostatic disorder

Question 15

Is the bleeding only at the beginning or end of the urine stream ?

Answer 15

indicative that not in the bladder i.e lower down

Urethral lesion

Question 16

Does bleeding from the prepuce or vulva occur at times other than urination

Answer 16

if bleeding occurs at times other than urination it indicates something towards the end of the urinary tract

Question 17

Is bleeding associated with a lot of straining and increased frequency of urination?

Answer 17

Indicative of lower urinary tract issue

Straining anf increased frequency - think lower urinary tract - think bladder and urethra

Question 18

Are RBC cast present in the urine sediment?

Answer 18

Cast of the kidney tubules - blown out by the next urine made by that nephron- if they are present in the urine it indicates an urinary tract issue

Question 19

Is blood found in voided, but not in cystocentesis-derived urine samples?

Answer 19

The lesion could be urethra and beyond - could be genital - lower or further distal than the urinary bladder

if the cystocentesis sample is normal means that there is no lesions in the bladder of the animal

Question 20

Otto occ has blood at the start of his urine stream. From time to time he also drips blood from his prepuce at time other than urination otherwise he is well. Where is the bleeding coming from

Answer 20

Prostate, urethra, VWB, bleeding lower down structure

Question 21

3 year old red pembroke welsh corgi has blood mixed through with his urine. urine sediment exam show red blood cell cast, few RBC and no bacteria . There is no straining or increased frequency of urination. where is the blood coming from

Answer 21

Kidneys

Question 22

what are the causes of straining

Answer 22

Obstruction and inflammation (more common)

Question 23

what are the DDx for urethral obstruction

Answer 23

signs: pollakiuria, stranguria, dysuria
- stone lodged in caudal aspect of os penis
- Calculi
Mucous, struvite pulgs
neoplasia
Functional

Question 24

Lower urinary tract inflammation

Answer 24

Cats are much less prone then dogs Bacterial infection F more than M
Sterile idiopathic urethrocystitis
Bladder (or cystic) calculi
Neoplasia

Question 25

what is your approach to a patient with pollakiuria/stranguria/ dysuria

Answer 25

Palpate the bladder and do a rectal exam, ideally before and after the animal is allowed to void urine. Feel for calculi, masses, thickening, bladder enlargement
obtain urine by cytocentesis for UA, culture and sensitivity
consider imaging studies

Question 26

How much does a normal dog drink

Answer 26

40ml/kg/day

Question 27

what is the official definition of polydipsia

Answer 27

100ml/kg/day

Question 28

Urine specific gravity

Answer 28

Hypothenuria SG < 1.008(less strong more dilute than plasma)
Isothenuria SG >1.008-1.012 (Not particularly concentrated or dilute- same as plasma
HYperthenuria - SG > 1.012

Question 29

Dogs with substantial chronic kidney disease (CKD) typically produce urine that is

Answer 29

Isosthenuric

Question 30

what are the DDX for primary polydipsia

Answer 30

Psychogenic 
Hepatic insufficiency/disease 
Hypothalamic disorder 
Some drugs - chlorpromazine
Hyperthyroidism

Question 31

Primary polyuria

Answer 31

Renal tubule cells set up counter current multiplication = anti diuresis
Antidiuretic hormone interacts with receptors on tubule cells = anti diuresis
Compromised blood flow will cause tubule damage

Question 32

proteinuria

Answer 32

Excessive protein in the urine ( hyperproteinuria)

Question 33

Overt proteinuria

Answer 33

Dipstick detectable excessive protein in urine

Question 34

Microalbuminuria

Answer 34

Mildly excessive albumin in the urine. The concentration is abnormally high but is below the limit of detection of most conventional urine dipsticks

Question 35

what are some reason for false positives when using a dipstick

Answer 35

Antiseptic contamination
Damp reagent strips
Very alkaline; very concentrated urine

Question 36

what are the 3 categeories of proteinuria

Answer 36

Preglomerular
Glomerular (most important) - can be high protein leakage
Postglomerular