Urine Stuff (Tyler) Flashcards
nocturia
getting up to urinate more than 2x per night
dysuria
difficulty urinating, occurring at more external locations like the urethra, bladder, and suprapubic area or as the urine exits the body
urinary incontinence
inability to control urine flow
stress incontinence
leakage of urine upon coughing, sneezing, or standing
urge incontinence
urgency and inability to delay urination
overflow incontinence
variable presentation; due to detrusor under activity
Transient causes of urinary incontinence
D- delirium I - infection A- atrophic urethritis and vaginitis P- pharmaceuticals P- psychological factors E- excess urinary output R- restricted mobility S- stool impaction
Important aspects in prostate enlargement management
1) symptom control
2) no evidence of cancer
lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of BPH
- urinary frequency/urgency
- trouble starting stream
- weak or interrupted urine stream
- dribbling at the end of urination
- nocturia
- urinary retention
- urinary incontinence
- pain after ejaculation
- urine with unusual color or smell
AUA symptom scale, what is it used for and what are scores?
standard established for symptom severity and risk of prostate CA in a man’s lifetime:
- 0 to 7 (mild)
- 8 to 19 (moderate)
- 20 to 35 (severe)
Goal of therapy for BPH
symptomatic relief
People at high risk for prostate CA
- first degree relative with prostate CA
- african american males
how is cystitis distinguished from pyelonephritis?
fever (fever of pyelonephritis often has a picket- fence pattern)
how can heart failure cause nocturia?
HF can lead to reduced renal perfusion during the day, while the patient is upright. This normalizes only at night while the patient is supine –> diuresis
gross hematuria
the presence of blood in the urine in sufficient quantity to be visible to the naked eye. Generally recognizable at >3500 red blood cells per high-powered field
microscopic hematuria
2-3 red blood cells per high powered field on urine microscopy
risk factors for bladder CA
- cigarette smoking
- occupational exposure to chemicals used in certain industries
- heavy phenacetin use
- past treatment with high doses of cyclophosphamide
- ingestion of aristolochic acid (herbal weight loss)
alarm sx with hematuria
- increased age
- male sex
- constitutional symptoms
- heavy smoking
- aniline die exposure
- cyclophosphamide Tx
- family hx of deafness (alport)
familial renal cell carcinoma
von hippel-lindau syndrome
symptoms renal cell carcinoma
flank pain, hematuria, and mass
Most valuable imagining tests for renal cell carcinoma
CT and MRI (confirm character and stage of mass)
describe hematuria associated with IgA nephropathy
episodic gross hematuria that occurs during upper respiratory infections
Prognosis IgA nephropathy
nearly 40% of patients reach ESRD after 20 years
where is IgA deposited in IgA nephropathy?
IgA deposited in glomerular mesangium
presentation of medullary sponge kidney
gross or microscopic hematuria, recurrent UTI, or nephrolithiasis
common abnormalities of medullary sponge kidney
decreased urine concentrating ability, increased UTI frequency, and nephrocalcinosis
Prognosis medullary sponge kidney
doesn’t progress into anything serious
