Urine Stuff (Tyler)

Question 1

nocturia

Answer 1

getting up to urinate more than 2x per night

Question 2

dysuria

Answer 2

difficulty urinating, occurring at more external locations like the urethra, bladder, and suprapubic area or as the urine exits the body

Question 3

urinary incontinence

Answer 3

inability to control urine flow

Question 4

stress incontinence

Answer 4

leakage of urine upon coughing, sneezing, or standing

Question 5

urge incontinence

Answer 5

urgency and inability to delay urination

Question 6

overflow incontinence

Answer 6

variable presentation; due to detrusor under activity

Question 7

Transient causes of urinary incontinence

Answer 7

D- delirium
I - infection
A- atrophic urethritis and vaginitis
P- pharmaceuticals
P- psychological factors
E- excess urinary output
R- restricted mobility
S- stool impaction

Question 8

Important aspects in prostate enlargement management

Answer 8

1) symptom control

2) no evidence of cancer

Question 9

lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of BPH

Answer 9

• urinary frequency/urgency
• trouble starting stream
• weak or interrupted urine stream
• dribbling at the end of urination
• nocturia
• urinary retention
• urinary incontinence
• pain after ejaculation
• urine with unusual color or smell

Question 10

AUA symptom scale, what is it used for and what are scores?

Answer 10

standard established for symptom severity and risk of prostate CA in a man’s lifetime:

• 0 to 7 (mild)
• 8 to 19 (moderate)
• 20 to 35 (severe)

Question 11

Goal of therapy for BPH

Answer 11

symptomatic relief

Question 12

People at high risk for prostate CA

Answer 12

• first degree relative with prostate CA

- african american males

Question 13

how is cystitis distinguished from pyelonephritis?

Answer 13

fever (fever of pyelonephritis often has a picket- fence pattern)

Question 14

how can heart failure cause nocturia?

Answer 14

HF can lead to reduced renal perfusion during the day, while the patient is upright. This normalizes only at night while the patient is supine –> diuresis

Question 15

gross hematuria

Answer 15

the presence of blood in the urine in sufficient quantity to be visible to the naked eye. Generally recognizable at >3500 red blood cells per high-powered field

Question 16

microscopic hematuria

Answer 16

2-3 red blood cells per high powered field on urine microscopy

Question 17

risk factors for bladder CA

Answer 17

• cigarette smoking
• occupational exposure to chemicals used in certain industries
• heavy phenacetin use
• past treatment with high doses of cyclophosphamide
• ingestion of aristolochic acid (herbal weight loss)

Question 18

alarm sx with hematuria

Answer 18

• increased age
• male sex
• constitutional symptoms
• heavy smoking
• aniline die exposure
• cyclophosphamide Tx
• family hx of deafness (alport)

Question 19

familial renal cell carcinoma

Answer 19

von hippel-lindau syndrome

Question 20

symptoms renal cell carcinoma

Answer 20

flank pain, hematuria, and mass

Question 21

Most valuable imagining tests for renal cell carcinoma

Answer 21

CT and MRI (confirm character and stage of mass)

Question 22

describe hematuria associated with IgA nephropathy

Answer 22

episodic gross hematuria that occurs during upper respiratory infections

Question 23

Prognosis IgA nephropathy

Answer 23

nearly 40% of patients reach ESRD after 20 years

Question 24

where is IgA deposited in IgA nephropathy?

Answer 24

IgA deposited in glomerular mesangium

Question 25

presentation of medullary sponge kidney

Answer 25

gross or microscopic hematuria, recurrent UTI, or nephrolithiasis

Question 26

common abnormalities of medullary sponge kidney

Answer 26

decreased urine concentrating ability, increased UTI frequency, and nephrocalcinosis

Question 27

Prognosis medullary sponge kidney

Answer 27

doesn’t progress into anything serious