urine retention

Question 1

define urine retention

Answer 1

inability to urinate despite persistent effort

Question 2

describe acute (sudden) urine retention

Answer 2

inability to void + lower abdominal pain

Question 3

describe chronic (gradual) urine retention

Answer 3

loss of bladder control
mild lower abdominal pain
weak urine stream

Question 4

complication of long standing urine in bladder?

Answer 4

UTIs

Question 5

what is the male female ratio in urine retention?

Answer 5

13:1

Question 6

what is the most common cause of urine retention in males?

Answer 6

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Question 7

effect of BPH on urination?

Answer 7

chronic condition which causes progressive narrowing of the bladder neck leading to retention

Question 8

when does BPH present as an acute condition?

Answer 8

antihypertensive drugs
antihistamine drugs
antiparkinsonian drugs
post spinal anesthesia
post stroke

Question 9

what is the most common cause of urine retention in young males?

Answer 9

acute prostatitis

Question 10

what is the most common cause of prostatitis?

Answer 10

sexual intercourse

Question 11

how does acute prostatitis present?

Answer 11

low back pain
low grade fever
penile discharge
urinary retention

Question 12

how does cancer of the urinary tract present? (prostate-bladder ureters)

Answer 12

hematuria
low back pain
weight loss
gradual distention of the flanks

Question 13

what are the 5 causes of urine retention?

Answer 13

1 bladder
2 prostate
3 penile urethera
4 constipation
5 alpha adrenoreceptors

Question 14

what are the bladder causes of urinary retention?

Answer 14

1 infection
2 detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
3 neurogenic bladder
4 iatrogenic scarring of the bladder
5damage to the bladder

Question 15

what is neurogenic bladder?

Answer 15

lacks bladder control due to brain, spinal cord or nerve problems.
caused by diabetes

Question 16

what are the causes of neurogenic bladder?

Answer 16

1spinal cord injury
3pelvic splanchnic nerve damage
3cauda equina syndorme
4pontine micturition
5storage center lesions
6demyelinating disease
7Parkinson’s disease

Question 16

what are the.cause of iatrogenic scaring of the bladder?

Answer 16

removal of indwelling catheter
cystoscopy operations.

Question 17

what are the prostate causes of urinary retention?

Answer 17

benign prostatic hyperplasia
prostate cancer and other pelvic floor malignancy
prostatitis–> prostatic abscess

Question 18

what are the penile urethera causes of urinary retention?

Answer 18

1congenital urethras valve
2 phimosis or penile meatus
3 circumcision
4 obstruction of the urethera can be caused by stricture STD injury metastases or precipitated pseudo gout crystals in the urine
5 pseduodyssynergia
6 STD lesions
i- gonorrhea: numerous strictures with rosary bead appearance
ii- chlamydia single stricture
7 emasculation: postoperative anesthesia sequel

Question 19

what is the effect of adrenoreceptors on the bladder?

Answer 19

causes spasm of the bladder leading to dysfunction and retention

Question 20

what is the average bladder capacity?

Answer 20

500ml

Question 21

what are the risk factors of urine retention?

Answer 21

age
medications
anesthesia
BPH
operations
Postoperative pain

Question 22

how is age a risk for urine retention?

Answer 22

old people have degeneration go the neural pathways involved in bladder function which leads to inc risk of postop retention

Question 23

what medications can cause urine retention?

Answer 23

alpha + beta adrenergic agonists
anticholinergics
Opioids
NSAIDS
calcium channel blockers

Question 24

how is general anesthesia a risk for urine retention?

Answer 24

general anesthesia may cause atony in the bladder intraoperatively due to muscle relaxant properties. general anesthesia can directly interfere with autonomic regulation of detrusor tone and predispose to bladder over distention and subsequent retention

Question 25

how is spinal anesthesia a risk for urine retention?

Answer 25

spinal anesthesia causes blockade of micturition reflexes
Spinal anesthesia have a higher risk of retention than general

Question 26

how is operation time a risk for urine retention?

Answer 26

operations lasting more than 2 hours have a greater risk of postop urinary retention

Question 27

what are the presentations of acute urine retention?

Answer 27

severe excruciating pain
excessive sweating
high blood pressure
chest pain
anxiety

Question 28

what are the complications of untreated urinary retention?

Answer 28

bladder damage
chronic kidney retention

Question 29

what are the outcomes of long term obstruction of the urinary tract?

Answer 29

Bladder stones
Atrophy of the detrusor muscle
Hydronephrosis
Hypertrophy of the detrusor muscle
DIVERTICULAE (pouches) in the bladder which can cause infection and stones