Urine

Question 1

What are functions of kidneys

Answer 1

Balance of water & pH
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes such as urea, uric acid and creatinine
Excretion- removal of wastes from the body via urine manufactures EPO and renin

Question 2

What is the urinary tract lined with?

Answer 2

Mucous membranes- has an opening to the outside of the body

Question 3

What has the purpose of two small tubes going from the kidneys to the urinary bladder with the purpose of transporting the Urine that the kidneys formed to the bladder for temporary storage.

Answer 3

Ureters

Question 4

Ureters have smooth muscle so urine will flow by ____ but also due to

Answer 4

Gravity- peristalsis

Question 5

Ureters enter the inferior and posterior surface of the bladder at the trigone

Answer 5

Know

Question 6

Where is the bladder located if it’s empty

Answer 6

Behind pubic bone

Question 7

The female bladder is ___ to the uterus

Answer 7

Inferior- uterus is tipped over anteverted*** the bladder in the pelvic cavity

Question 8

In the bladder is a triangular area called the ____ In the inferior floor of the bladder it contains no muscle so this area don’t contract or stretch.

Answer 8

Trigone

Question 9

What drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Answer 9

Urethra

Question 10

In the female urethra is anterior to the vagina and about 1 1/2 inches long. It’s only purpose is to eliminate urine from the body Bc the female urethra is shorter and close in proximity to the anus- the female is more susceptible for cystitis

Answer 10

Know

Question 11

The male urethra is 8 inches long and is in the penis and is for eliminating urine and semen

Answer 11

Know

Question 12

Which Urethral spinchter is made of smooth muscle and is contracted most of the time but relaxes to permit urination

Answer 12

Internal sphincter

Question 13

Which urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control or contracts on demand to prevent incontinence

Answer 13

External sphincter

Question 14

Nervous system involvement is

Answer 14

CNS- spinal cord control micturition reflex

Question 15

The nephrons (structural and functional units of the kidneys) form urine from BLOOD*

Answer 15

Know

Question 16

____ is the network or cluster of capillaries

Answer 16

Glomerulus

Question 17

The kidneys are the body’s QA department-quality and quantity assurance- HOMEOSTASIS

Answer 17

Know

Question 18

Urine formation

1. Glomerular filtration- blood pressure drives blood and substances out of the glomerular capillaries and into the Bowman’s capsule via filtration.
2. Tubular Reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion

Answer 18

Know

Question 19

Kidneys regulate pH- urine pH 4.6 (acidic) to 8.0 (alkaline) average 6.0 (acidic)

If more acidic the kidneys will excrete excess H+ to increase the pH or blood pH is kept relatively constant by hgb, carbonic acid, bicarbonate buffers, changes in RR and depth of breathing. If the body or body fluids are to alkaline then the kidneys will hold onto the H+ to lower the pH

Answer 19

Know

Question 20

Kidneys regulate water balance- they are just one organ that is excretory organs (lungs, skin, intestines) 1-1/2 L in 24 hrs

Answer 20

Know

Question 21

Hypothalamus has osmoreceptors that maintains water volume (also regulating electrolyte levels)

Answer 21

Know

Question 22

JG apparatus- cells near the afferent arterioles in the nephron secrete RENIN in response to low BP, low Na+ and low K+ levels

Answer 22

Know

Question 23

If BP low (this Na+ low) JG apparatus secretes Renin—- Renin in turn activates the angiotensin (blood protein) to constrict blood vessels and raise BP

Answer 23

Know

Question 24

____ ____ is concentrating ability of the kidneys (1.0029 very dilute-1.040 very concentrated)

Answer 24

Specific gravity

Question 25

ADH from the posterior pituitary secreted when H2O volume is low or water intake is low, therefore conserves H2O - reabsorbs H2O from the DCT and collecting ducts by the kidneys. This makes urine concentrated SG 1.040 and not dilute SG 1.002 ANP from the heart increases excretion of Na+ and water in the urine

Answer 25

Know

Question 26

EPO (erythropoietin) from the kidneys stimulates RBM when the blood count to slow and the O2 levels are low

Answer 26

Know

Question 27

If one has little ADH they have increased output

Answer 27

Know

Question 28

Diabetes insipidus- not enough ADH

Answer 28

Know

Question 29

What term means thirsty

Answer 29

Polydipsia

Question 30

___ is not enough ADH causing more urine output

Answer 30

Polyuria

Question 31

Abnormal constituents in urine- ``` Blood (hematuria) Pus (pyuria) Casts Proteins, like albumins (albuminuria)-kidney damage Sugar (glycosuria) Bacteria (bacteriauria) Ketones from fat metabolism (ketonuria) ```

Answer 31

Know

Question 32

Electrolytes are regulated by the hypothalamus,hormones, and buffers.

Answer 32

Know

Question 33

Primary Cation In extracellular (interstitial) fluids is Na+. Most abundant anion in plasma membrane- phosphate (phospholipids) Major action in intracellular fluids- K+

Answer 33

Know

Question 34

Major action in intracellular fluids

Answer 34

K+

Question 35

Primary Cation In extracellular fluids is

Answer 35

Na+

Question 36

Trace the path of a blood drop through the kidneys 1. Abdominal aorta 2. Renal artery 3. Afferent arteriole 4. Glomerulus 5. Efferent arteriole 6. Peritubular capillaries 7. Renal veins Inferior vena cava

Answer 36

Know

Question 37

What does the juxtaglerular apparatus do

Answer 37

Secrete Renin in response to low BP, low Na+, and low K+ levels

Question 38

Formation of urine

Answer 38

1. Glomerular filtration. 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion

Question 39

___ is the main nitrogenous waste that kidneys produce

Answer 39

Urea

Question 40

___ blood protein constrict bp and stimulates

Answer 40

Angiotensin

Question 41

____ ____ is the 1st step of urine formation

Answer 41

Glomerular filtration

Question 42

Substances normally found in the urine 1. Nitrogenous waste products 1. Urea 2. Uric acid 3. Creatinine 4. Electrolytes 5. Pigments

Answer 42

Know

Question 43

No output

Answer 43

Anuria

Question 44

Scanty amount of urine

Answer 44

Oliguria

Question 45

Kidneys DO NOT make urine

Answer 45

Know

Question 46

Urine left in the bladder after voiding

Answer 46

Residual urine

Question 47

Electrolytes and functions 1. Sodium is responsible for

Answer 47

Maintaining osmotic balance and body fluid volume. Main positive ion In extracellular fluids

Question 48

electrolytes and functions 1. Potassium

Answer 48

Important in transmission ion of nerve impulses and is major positive ion of ICF

Question 49

Electrolytes and functions 1. Calcium

Answer 49

Required for bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting

Question 50

Electrolytes and functions 1. Magnesium

Answer 50

Necessary for muscle contraction. And for the action of some enzymes

Question 51

Cations 1. Sodium 2. K+ 3. Ca

Answer 51

Know

Question 52

Anions 1. Bicarbonate 2. Chloride 3. Phosphate

Answer 52

Know

Question 53

Electrolytes and functions Bicarbonate

Answer 53

Buffer in body fluids

Question 54

Electrolytes and functions Chloride

Answer 54

Formation of HCI in the stomach and regulates fluid balance and pH. Most abundant anion in extracellular fluids

Question 55

Electrolytes and functions Phosphate

Answer 55

Essential in carbohydrate metabolism, bone formation, and acid bass balance. Found in plasma membranes, nucleic acids

Question 56

______ is the kidneys outer portion

Answer 56

Renal cortex

Question 57

The internal portion of the kidneys that contains tubes in which urine is formed and collected

Answer 57

Renal medulla

Question 58

Regulation of pH | 3 steps

Answer 58

Buffer systems Respiration Kidney function

Question 59

What’s the pH range from urine

Answer 59

7.35-7.45

Question 60

The process of expelling urine from bladder

Answer 60

Micturation