Urine Flashcards
1
Q
As dehydration worsens urine becomes what color
A
Dark yellow then amber
2
Q
Urine can be cloudy or have an increase turbidity due to
A
Fat gobules or red/wbc or maybe if urine has been exposed to room temp for to long
3
Q
Normal range of urine production is _____-_____ in 24 hr
A
1,000-3,000
4
Q
What’s the minimum urinary output per hour
A
30 mL
5
Q
Is a LPN able to make the decision to monitor I&O at their own discretion
A
Yes
6
Q
____ is urinary output less than 30mL can be due to decreased fluid intake
A
Oliguria
7
Q
____ is increased urinary output, greater than 3,000mL per day
A
Polyuria
8
Q
____ is the absence of urine production
A
Anuria
9
Q
____ is the process of using a machine to filter waste products and salts to remove access fluid in the blood
A
Dialysis
10
Q
_____ is albumin in the urine
A
Albuminuria
11
Q
____ is protein in urine
A
Proteinuria
12
Q
___ is another term for urinate
A
Void or micturate
13
Q
What is the contents of urine
A
95% water and 5% solutes dissolved in water-minerals and salts and nitrogenous waste products
14
Q
What are three waste products that are removed during urination
A
- Urea
- Uric acid
- Creatinine
15
Q
The _____ filter the waste products from blood and is eliminated via urination
A
Kidneys
16
Q
What’s the four characteristics of urine
A
Color, clarity, amount, and odor
17
Q
Normal urine color
A
Straw colored and clear without sediment
18
Q
What is the PH of urine
A
4.5-8.0
19
Q
A diet high in protein or cranberries will cause the pH to be _____ or ________
A
Lower or more acidic
20
Q
A diet high in citrus fruits, dairy products, or vegetables will cause the pH to be ___ or _______
A
Higher or more alkaline
21
Q
UTIs make urine more which one (acidic or alkaline)
A
Alkaline
22
Q
_____ ____ is the result of compacting the weight of a substance with the weight of an equal amount of water
A
Specific gravity
23
Q
What does it mean when the specific gravity of urine is low
A
Urine is more dilute
24
Q
What does it mean when the specific gravity is high
A
Means urine is more concentrated
25
What would cause a LOW gravity intake
Excessive fluid intake or impaired kidney function
26
What would cause a high specific gravity
Dehydration; hemorrhage, or diabetes Mellitus
27
The urge to void is felt when 200-400 mL of urine has collected
Know
28
Normal voiding patterns.
The average adults urinates 4-6 times per day. Urinary frequency and volume of output are directly related to fluid intAke
Know
29
Is it normal to routinely get up during the night to urinate?
No
30
When assisting with toileting you should
1. Offer the opportunity to go after meals and bedtime
2. Males may need urinals for voiding
3. Use a fracture pan, it’s smaller and flatter
4. Provide privacy and avoid rushing
5. Offer opportunity to perform hand hygiene
Know
31
A rapid weight gain of 2-3 lbs overnight indicates
Fluid retention
32
Patients who urinate with increased frequency may be exhibiting symptoms of ____,____&____ ___
UTI, bladder inflammation, diabetes mellitus
33
Painful or difficult urination is called
Dysuria
34
What is ordered to obtain an uncontaminated urine for urinalysis
A clean catch midstream
35
When doing a clean catch instruct the patient to clean the urinary meatus with disposable antiseptic wipes prior to voiding.
Begin voiding and then stop the stream and continue voiding into the specimen container
Know
36
One of the most diagnostic tests ordered in the healthcare setting is
UA
37
When you obtain a specimen, transport it to the laboratory immediately or store it in the fridge. How long do you have to transport the urine?
1 hr
38
Urine that is left standing longer than 1 hour starts to break down, and test becomes ineffective
Know
39
The most common timed urine specimen is a
24 hr urine collection
40
How to do a 24 hr urine
1. Ask pt to void and discard urine. This begins with patient having empty bladder
2: note exact time that urine is voided and discarded and this begins 24 hr period
3. Post signs on patients room and on door stating 24 hr collection in progress, include date and time it is to end
4. Collect every drop and pour it into specified container-keep on ice or in fridge
5. If pt has indwelling cath place collection bag on ice and empty into 24 hr container
6. If any urine is discarded during period the test must be restarted
Know
41
At the end of a 24 hour urine ask the patient to void one last time and add the urine to the collection container.
Know
42
What is another word for kidney stones
Renal calculi
43
When a stone passes out of the body it is important to retain it and send it to the lab for analysis.
The provider may order to restrain all urine: once patient voids into specimen pan placed in toilet pour the urine through the strainer.
Know
44
______ ____ is the inability to empty the bladder at all or the inability to completely empty the bladder
Urinary retention
45
What are some things that can cause urinary retention
Kidney stone, enlarged prostate, a tumor, a pregnant uterus, an infection, or scar tissue
46
An enlarged prostate is a frequent cause of urinary retention
Know
47
_____ ____ is the urine that remains in the bladder after the patient voids
Residual urine
48
Normally the max amount of urine left in the bladder after voiding is ___ml
100mL
49
What device is used to measure the amount of residual urine
Bladder scan
50
When a person wakes during the night to urinate the condition is known as
Nocturia
51
If a patient has nocturia it may be due to heart failure, diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled diabetes, enlarged prostate, or kidney disease.
Know
52
The inability to control the passing of urine is called
Urinary incontinence
53
Incontinence is more common in which gender
Women
54
____ incontinence occurs with increased abdominal pressure which causes urine to leak out of the bladder. More common in women than women. Coughing, sneezing, laughing, vomiting can cause this
Stress
55
___ incontinence is also called overactive bladder and it’s the inability to keep urine in the bladder long enough to get to the restroom. Caused by bladder spasms or contractions that cause involuntary passing urine
Urge
56
____ incontinence occurs when the bladder is distended due to an obstruction, which prevents bladder from emptying normally. In men most common cause in enlarged prostate
Overflow
57
____ incontinence occurs when a person is unable to reach a bathroom to urinate
Transitional
58
____ incontinence is the loss of urine with no warning. A person is unaware of the void and makes no effort to get to bathroom
Total
59
_____ incontinence occurs when the nerves that control the bladder and surrounding structures are not getting the message to the brain that the bladder is full
Neuropathic
60
What is a treatment for stress incontinence
Kegel exercises
61
____ catheter is used to help
1. Relieve acute urinary retention or urinary obstruction
2. To obtain accurate urine output measurements in severely ill.
3. Prevent urine contact with an open wound in sacral or perineal area
4. Prevent complications during or after surgeries
5. To make the patient more comfortable at the end of life
Indwelling cath
62
_____ catheters are to assist with a patient who cannot empty fully and it does not remain in bladder
Straight cath
63
A three way cath is used for
Irrigation
64
If a patient caths themselves in a home setting what technique can they use to prevent spread of bacteria
Clean technique
65
This type of cath needs caution as it can cut off the circulation of the penis
Condom cath
66
This cath is used to pass more thoroughly through an enlarged prostate gland. It has a curved tip
Coude cath
67
What is a reason to irrigate a cath
To keep it patent
68
What size French does an adult need for cath size
14-16 size French
69
What allergies do you need to access for before doing a cath?
Latex and iodine
70
You will empty a drainage bag every ___ hours or when it is full then document amount
8 hours
71
You will provide perineal and catheter care together at least once a shift and anytime the cath becomes contaminated by a bowel movement to prevent UTI
Know
72
Always use downward strokes as upward strokes encourage movement of microorganisms into the bladder
Know
73
It is no longer recommended to change any Caths at routine times, such as every 30 days
Know
74
In a suprapubic cath
1. Only 3-5mL of sterile water is placed in the balloon so that amt will be withdrawn before an existing cath is removed or replaced
2. Once existing cath is removed clean around suprapubic tract with sterile swabs
3 gently insert lubricated cath only 1-3 inches at a 10-30 degree angle
4. Insert 3-5 mL of sterile water into balloon and tug very slightly to seat the cath into bladder opening
Know
75
_____ ____ ____ is caused by the presence of pathogens within the urinary tract
Urinary tract infection
76
80% of UTIs are caused by bacteria from the bowel. More common in women.
Know
77
The body’s defense mechanisms help prevent UTIs. The pH of urine is acidic to help kill bacteria, vaginal secretions are also acidic which inhibits microorganisms from the rectum migrating into the bladder. When a person voids it flushed bacteria from the urinary tract.
Know
78
Spermicidal gels also can increase the incidence of uti, the use of diaphragms and sexual intercourse
Empty bladder after intercourse.
Avoid bath salts; perfumes, or bubble bath.
Empty bladder throughout day
Know
79
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Symptoms of UTI
Urinary frequency
Dysuria
Low abdominal pain
Incontinence
If one has fever flank pain, nausea and vomiting it has likely spread to kidneys.
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UTIs are treated by urinary analgesics, antibiotics, increased fluid intake, and rest. Drink cranberry juice. Consume 64 oz of non caffeinated fluid a day
Know
80
Best way to irrigate is through a
3 way
