Urine Flashcards
What is a routine urinalysis often used for?
Screening for kidney problems
Why is urine referred to as a liquid biopsy?
It provides information about urinary tract health
1_diagnosis and management of renal or urinary tract disease
2-Detection of metabolic or systemic diseases
What are the main components of a complete urinalysis?
Physical examination
Chemical examination
Microscopic examination
What does the physical examination of urine assess?
Volume, odour, appearance, color, specific gravity, pH
What is the normal 24-hour urine volume for adults?
750 ml to 2000 ml
What factors influence renal excretion volume?
Fluid intake, climate, fluid loss
What is the minimal 24-hour urine output?
About 500 ml
How is urine volume related to specific gravity?
Volume is inversely proportional to specific gravity
What does a marked alteration in urine output indicate?
Possible kidney disease
What is anuria?
Total lack of urine formation
What condition does anuria indicate?
Severe renal failure
What is polyuria?
Excessive urine production
What are common causes of polyuria?
Increased fluid intake,
Ingestion of diuretic medication(high blood pressure, coffee)
diabetes mellitus
diabetes insipidus (decrease in ADH)
What is a common cause of polyuria related to diabetes?
Kidney’s attempt to dilute glucose
What is the normal color of urine?
Amber yellow
How does urine concentration affect its color?
Darker color indicates more concentrated urine
What causes the normal color of urine?
Presence of urochromes and urobilin
What are abnormal urine colors and their causes?
Red: Hemoglobin, treatment of rifampicin,nitrofurantion, menstrual contamination, truma of the urinary system
Yellow-brown: Bilirubin
Blue: Methylene Blue
Dark red: Porphyrins
Brown-black: Melanin, homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)
Red-brown: Hemoglobin
Black: Parenteral iron therapy
What does the odour of normal urine indicate?
Characteristic uriniferous smell from volatile acids
What causes the ammonia smell in old urine?
Conversion of urea to ammonia
What does a fruity odour in urine indicate?
Presence of acetone in diabetes mellitus
What is the normal appearance of urine?
Clear or transparent
What does a foul-smelling odour in urine suggest?
Possible urinary tract infection
What can cause turbidity in urine?
Precipitation of Excessive urates in acid urin
,Excessive phosphates in alkaline urin, abnormal constituent as epithelial cell,album8n,pus,RBCs
Urinary tract infection and presence of spermatozoa
