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URINE Flashcards

1
Q

Urine is composed of _% of water and _% solutes

A

95% water 5% solutes

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2
Q

Major inorganic component of urine

A

Chloride

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3
Q

Second major inorganic component of urine

A

Sodium

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4
Q

Major organic component of urine

A

Urea

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5
Q

Approximately _____mL of urine is excreted daily

A

600-2000mL

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6
Q

Increased urine output

A

Polyuria

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7
Q

Decreased urine output

A

Oliguria

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8
Q

complete cessation of urine flow

A

Anuria

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9
Q

refers to painful urination

A

Dysuria

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10
Q

increased excretion of urine at night

A

Nocturia

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11
Q

Normal day to night ratio of urine is

A

2:1

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12
Q

Yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of the pigment

A

Urochrome

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13
Q

Urochrome excretion is increased when there is……

A

Fever, thyrotoxicosis, starvation

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14
Q

pink colored pigment and is most evident in specimens that have refrigerated

A

Uroerythrin

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15
Q

an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen, imparts orange-brown color to urine

A

urobilin

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16
Q

smoky red brown urine that has intact RBCs

A

Hematuria

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17
Q

serves as an indicator of how well hydrated a person; gives a rough estimation of urine concentration

A

Urine color

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18
Q

Port wine or burgundy color urine indicates the presence of

A

porphyrins

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19
Q

color of urine in lead poisoning (lead porphyrinuria)

A

Yellow

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20
Q

color of urine in px with DI or DM

A

Pale yellow

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21
Q

urine specimen should be delivered to the lab and tested within

A

2 hours

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22
Q

what will increase in unpreserved urine

A

odor, pH, bacteria, nitrite (pos)

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23
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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24
Q

normal adult blood posses through the kidney at a rate of

A

1200ml/min

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25
Q

Renal plasma flow is equivalent to

A

600-700mL

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26
Q

are arterioles that will carry blood towards the nephrons

A

Afferent arterioles

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27
Q

renal _____ will deliver blood to the nephrons

A

renal artery

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28
Q

renal _____ will take away the blood from the nephrons

A

renal vein

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29
Q

filtering apparatus of the nephrons

A

glomerulus

30
Q

glomerulus produces a filtrate with constant SG of _____ and a pH of ____

31
Q

are responsible for concentrating and diluting the urine

A

renal tubules

32
Q

majority of the reabsorption processes occurs in the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

33
Q

permeable to water but impermeable to salt

A

Descending loop of Henle

34
Q

permeable to salt but impermeable to water

A

Ascending loop of Henle

35
Q

ADH acts in the ___________ and ___________ to promote water reabsorption

A

DCT and Collecting ducts

36
Q

glomerulus is ______ charged

A

negatively

37
Q

what can be filtered by the PCT

A

“WAGE”
water
amino acids
glucose
electrolytes

38
Q

this test is no longer used because it is affected by diet and because 40% of urea is reabsorbed by the tubules

A

Urea clearance test

39
Q

gold standard for assessment of GFR

A

inulin clearance test

40
Q

most commonly used method to assess GFR

A

creatinine clearance test

41
Q

creatinine clearance test requires:

A

24 hrs urine
serum / plasma

42
Q

most commonly used test that assess tubular reabsorption test

A

Specific gravity

43
Q

more sensitive test that assess tubular reabsorption test since it is only affected by the number of particles

A

Osmolarity / osmolality

44
Q

what are the tests that assess tubular secretion

A

PAH test
Titratable acidity
urinary ammonia
urine pH
Phenolsulfonpthalein

45
Q

normal pH of a random urine

46
Q

most common colligative property of osmometers

A

freezing point

47
Q

pH reagent strip principle

A

double indicator system

48
Q

pH uses what color indicator

A

methyl red and bromthymol blue

49
Q

Protein reagent strip principle

A

protein error of indicator

50
Q

protein uses what color indicator

A

tetrabromphenol blue

51
Q

confirmatory test for protein in the urine

A

3% Sulfosalicylic acid

52
Q

Bence jones protein is seen in px with

A

multiple myeloma

53
Q

glucose reagent strip principle

A

double sequential enzymatic reaction

54
Q

reagents of glucose in reagent strip

A

glucose oxidase and peroxidase,
chromogen

55
Q

Detects for reducing sugars

A

Copper reduction tests
Benedict’s test and Clinitest tablet test

56
Q

high blood glucose and positive for urine glucose

A

HAG - hyperglycemia associated glycosuria

57
Q

+ urine glucose caused by PCT defect

A

renal associated glycosuria (RAG)

58
Q

ketone reagent strip principle

A

sodium nitroprusside

59
Q

forms of ketones and its percent

A

B-hydroxybutyric acid - 78%
acetoacetic acid - 20%
acetone - 2%

60
Q

Tablet for ketones that can be used in serum, urine and other body fluids

A

acetest tablets

61
Q

blood reagent strip principle

A

pseudoperoxidase activity of the heme

62
Q

reagent used in blood reagent strip

A

tetramethyl benzidine

63
Q

urobilinogen reagent strip principle

A

ehlrich rxn or diazo reaction

64
Q

the only test that you will never report as negative or positive only normal or increased

A

urobilinogen

65
Q

Bilirubin reagent strip principle

A

diazo reaction

66
Q

More sensitive bilirubin test than reagent strip

A

ictotest tablet

67
Q

nitrite reagent strip principle

A

Greiss reaction

68
Q

normal specific gravity

A

1.002 - 1.035

69
Q

LE reagent strip principle

A

ester-diazo rxn

70
Q

very high SG indicates the presence of

A

Radiographic contrast media

71
Q

principle of dipstick reader

A

reflectance optometry

AUBF (1 decks)

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