Urinary Tract Infections and Other Urinary Tract Disorders Flashcards
define urinary tract infections, urethritis, cystitis and pyelonephritis
UTIs are defined as an infection of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra.
urethritis: inflammation of the urethra
cystitis is inflammation of the urinary bladder. It is often caused by infection and is usually accompanied by frequent painful urination.
pyelonephritis represents an infection of the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis.
contributing and risk factors for UTIs
people with urinary obstruction and reflux, people with neurogenic disorders that impair bladder emptying, women who are sexually active, postmenopausal women, men with diseases of the prostate and in older adults.
instrumentation and urinary catheterizations are the most common factors for nosocomial UTIs.
describe clinical signs and treatment measures for cystitis.
clinical signs: frequent urination, lower abdominal or back discomfort, and burning and pain on urination. The urine can be cloudy and foul smelling.
treatment measures are to: give antibiotics, encourage water and also sometimes cranberry juice.
contrast the risk factors, manifestations and treatment of UTIs for women and men
women:
risk factors: sexual activity, postmenopausal women
manifestations: a strong, persistent urge to urinate, a burning sensation when urinating, passing frequent, small amounts of urine. Urine that appears cloudy OR Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — a sign of blood in the urine.
treatment: antibiotics and cranberry juice
men:
risk factors: diseases of the prostate
manifestations: Frequent urination, Urgency, Burning or tingling sensation during or just after urination (dysuria), Low-grade fever.
Cloudy urine with a strong odor. OR Blood in urine (hematuria)
Trouble urinating, especially if you have a problem with your prostate.
treatment: antibiotics
contrast the risk factors, manifestations, and treatment of UTIs for those with recurrent or chronic infections, pregnant women, and old people.
chronic infections
risk factors: having the infection
manifestations: Frequent, urgent need to urinate. Painful or burning urination. A constant feeling of a full bladder. Pressure or pain in your abdomen or lower back.
treatment: antibiotics
pregnant women:
risk factors: health illiteracy, history of sexual activity,
manifestations: Frequent, urgent need to urinate. Painful or burning urination. A constant feeling of a full bladder. Pressure or pain in your abdomen or lower back.
treatment: antibiotics (but watch to make sure they don’t cross placenta)
old people:
risk factors: indwelling urinary catheters, decreased immunologic function already, etc.
manifestations: Frequent, urgent need to urinate. Painful or burning urination. A constant feeling of a full bladder. Pressure or pain in your abdomen or lower back. CONFUSION
treatment: antibiotics and cranberry juice
differentiate acute and chronic pyelonephritis, include pathogenesis, manifestations and potential complications
patho
patho: acute:
upper UTI to the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis, caused by G negative bacteria (E coli, Proteus, klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas)
manifestations: abrupt onset of chills, high fever, ache or tenderness in the costovertebral area (flank)–unilateral or bilateral. Lower urinary tract symptoms, like dysuria, frequency, and urgency are also common.
Complications: necrotizing papillitis, obstruction,
patho: chronic:
a progressive scarring and deformation of the renal calyces and pelvis. a vesicoureteral infection superimposed on obstructive abnormalities of vesicoureteral reflux.
manifestations: may present with same symptoms as acute or may be insidious.
complications: polyuria, nocturia, and mild proteinuria.
list the incidence of bladder cancer, including disproportionately affected groups
most frequent form of urinary tract cancer in the US. accounting for more than 79,030 new cases and 16,870 deaths per year.
white european americans are more at risk. men are more commonly diagnosed than women. approximately 90% of people with bladder cancer are older than 55 years of age.
list environmental and other risk factors for bladder cancer
the aromatic amine used in the dye industry and products used in the manufacture of rubber, textiles, paint, chemicals, and petroleum.
CT contrast??
other risk factors: chronic bladder infections and bladder stones, smoking.
list clinical signs of bladder cancer and treatment measures
clinical signs: painless hematuria, frequency, urgency, and dysuria.
treatment measures: surgery (up to a radical cystectomy), chemo, etc.
depends on if the cancer is high grade or low grade and if the cancer has mets.
