Urinary Tract Infection Flashcards
1
Q
urinary system
A
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, urethra & 2 sphincter muscles
2
Q
UTI
A
- infection that affects the urinary system, any part of the urinary tract can become infected
- classified as upper or lower UTI
3
Q
most common cause of UTI
A
- through the lower end of the urinary tract, the urethra. The opening of a man’s urethra at the tip of the penis or the opening of the woman’s urethra at the vulva.
- Infection ascends the urethra to the bladder & sometimes to the kidneys, or both
4
Q
how do bacteria enter the urinary tract
A
organisms enter the tract by one of 2 routes:
1. through urethra: infection ascends the urethra to the bladder & sometimes kidneys or both
2. through bloodstream, usually to the kidneys
5
Q
cystitis
A
- Infection/ inflammation of the bladder
- Usually caused by bacteria
6
Q
S/S of UTI
A
- changes in voiding
- frequent need to urinate
- dysuria
- urgency
- cloudy strong or foul urine
- hematuria
- lower back pain
- suprapubic pain
- fatigue
- abdominal distention
- nausea
- diarrhea
- fever
7
Q
causes- risks of UTI
A
- bacteria
- STI’s
- poor hygiene
- voiding problems (enlarged prostate, tumor, kidney stones)
- spermicides
- indwelling catheters
- personal care products
- diabetic patients
- honeymoon cystitis (bacteria in urinary tract following sex)
- urinary retention
- diabetes
- women
8
Q
testing for UTI
A
- urinalysis (dip stick) checks for WBC, blood & nitrates
- urinalysis routine & microscopic (chemical & microscopic tests show cells, cellular fragments, & bacteria in urine)
- urinalysis for C&S (Culture & Sensitivity)
- sterile specimen (clean catch/midstream or catheter specimen) identifies bacteria & the antibiotics sensitive or resistive to the bacteria
9
Q
nursing interventions for UTI
A
- education (complete full course of antibiotics)
- let dr know if symptoms dont improve
- have pt report side effects such as rash
- meds cause sun sensitivity (wear sunscreen)
- increase fluid intake (2L/day)
- avoid foods that irritate the bladder (caffeine, alcohol, tomatoes, spicy foods, chocolate)
10
Q
UTI medical management
A
- Patient will be prescribed the appropriate antibiotic
- Often Trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole commonly called TMP-SMI (Septra, Bactrim), penicillins, cephalosporins, or Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin)
- Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)-may be ordered for patient comfort to reduce pain, frequency & urgency. It has an analgesic effect (turns urine orange)
11
Q
complications of UTI medications
A
- broad spectrum antibiotics can cause significant side effects: c. dif, candidiasis, thrush, decreased effectiveness of oral birth control
- if infection travels up to the kidneys may cause pyelonephritis causing renal scarring & occasionally renal failure
12
Q
pyelonephritis
A
- bacterial infection of one or both kidneys
- Infection may spread up the urinary tract to the kidneys, or the kidneys may become infected through bacteria in the bloodstream
13
Q
S/S of pyelonephritis
A
- chills, fever, back pain, nausea, vomiting
- More common in women than men
14
Q
most common cause of pyelonephritis
A
E.coli
- causes about 90% of cases in people living in nursing homes or hospitalized
15
Q
treatment of pyelonephritis
A
- antibiotics
- hospitalization needed if: nausea & vomiting, dehydration, weak immune system, signs of severe infection, pain not controlled by oral meds
16
Q
treatment of pyelonephritis
A
- antibiotics
- hospitalization needed if: nausea & vomiting, dehydration, weak immune system, signs of severe infection, pain not controlled by oral meds
17
Q
cause of pyelonephritis
A
- usually caused by bacteria (E. coli)
- on rare occasions it is caused by fungal infections, TB or viruses
- Infections ascend from the genital area through the urethra to the bladder, then up the ureters into the kidneys
- In healthy urinary tracts the flow of urine washes out organisms and there is closure of the ureters at their entrance to the bladder;
- any obstruction to urine flow (structural abnormality, enlarged prostate, kidney stone, or back flow increases the likelihood of pyelonephritis
- risk increases during pregnancy as the enlarging uterus puts pressure on the ureters partially obstructing normal downward flow of urine
18
Q
Risk factors of pyelonephritis
A
- risk increases during pregnancy as the enlarging uterus puts pressure on the ureters partially obstructing normal downward flow of urine
- people with weakened immune systems and diabetes due to body inability to fight infection
19
Q
What signs and symptoms of an UTI may an Older Adult experience?
A
- confusion/delirium
- non localized abdominal discomfort
20
Q
What would a urine test strip test for?
A
WBC, Blood & Nitrates-if they are in the urine suspect infection
