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Module 6 Week 2 > Urinary Tract Bacterial Pathogens > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Bacterial Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 main urinary tract infections

A

• Urethritis- infection of urethra
• Cystitis- infection of bladder
• Pyelonephritis- ascending infection of kidney (travels up from bladder)
• Prostatitis- infection of prostate

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of urinary tract infections

A

Simple or complicated

Complicated- presence of stones, surgery, male sex, pregnancy, anatomical abnormalities

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3
Q

What are some host defences against urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

Urination/Micturition
Mucosal defence
Cell exfoliation
Normal microflora

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4
Q

Why is UTI more common in females?

A

Anatomical reason- in females there is a shorter distance for the infection to travel from the anus to the vagina and then up the urethra to the bladder

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5
Q

What are Pre-disposing host factors
Name some

A

Factors which make a host more susceptible to being infected

Female sex – short urethra
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Anatomical defects
Vesico-ureteric reflux

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6
Q

Usually single or multiple species caused UTI in dogs?

A

Single

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7
Q

Name the main pathogens causing UTI

A

Escherichia coli (37-55%) • Proteus
• Klebsiella
• Enterobacter
• Pseudomonas
• Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus
(23-30%)

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8
Q

What to remember about what staphylococci does

A

These organisms produce enzyme which breaks down urea to ammonia which causes ^ in urea pH which causes kidney/bladder stones

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9
Q

What can E.coli pathogen do to bladder epithelium

A

• Colonization
• Avoidance of host defence • Damage to host tissue

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10
Q

Clinical symptoms of UTI

A

dysuria (hurts to go), haematuria, pyuria (WBC/pus in urine), frequency, burning on micturition, dribbling etc

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11
Q

What’s the difference between bacterial lacking Fimbriae and having Fimbriae

A

Those lacking will get flushed away
Those with are able to adhere to epithelial cells, meaning they stay, colonise and multiply

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12
Q

Fimbriae characteristics
-shape
-mediate attachment to…
-bind what
-composed of…
-expression affected by what factors

A

• Long, thin structures 0.1-20um x 4-8 nm
• Mediate attachment to eucaryotic cells
• Bind carbohydrate residues: Lectins
• Composed of protein subunits (pilin)
• Specialised pilins at tip may act as adhesin
• Expression affected by environmental conditions, eg, not expressed at low temperature
• virulence factor

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13
Q

2 types of fimbriae in UTI

A

Type 1 fimbriae
P fimbriae

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14
Q

What is showing on this diagram

A

On anki

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15
Q

What is a biofilm in the bladder? what does it prevent?

A

Lots of pathogens stick together and adhere to surface/ epithelium
Prevents their flushing

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16
Q

Why does a biofilm make it difficult to treat an infection?

A

Prevents antibiotic penetration

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17
Q

Cystitis
-type of infection?
-caused by what?
-how does it colonize
-occurs when what occurs

A

Bladder infection
• Cystitis caused by UPEC results from transfer to the bladder by bacteria present in the rectum (carried in the gut)
• Multiplication of bacteria in the bladder
Occurs when;
• Host inflammatory response to UPEC occurs
• Tissue damage caused by UPEC occurs

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18
Q

Adherence of;
type 1 and P fimbriae
activates signalling pathways through what in each type?

A

P- activation through ceramide & TLR-4
Type 1- activation through TLR-4

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19
Q

UTI causes what in urine?

A

Blood

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20
Q

What do toxins cause

A

Bleeding and sloughing of epithelium in animal models

Lyses cells releasing nutrients

Modulates signalling pathways – cell cycle apoptosis and inflammation

21
Q

Infection is cleared by…

A

• Cell exfoliation
• Neutrophils- release molecules that kill using
-Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species
• Other anti-bacterial compounds

22
Q

Persistence of cystitis is facilitated by…
-mediated by…
-binds what
-leads to…

A

• Invasion of bladder epithelial cells by UPEC contributes to persistence of cystitis
• Mediated by type 1 fimbriae and FimH adhesin at tip
• Binds host cell integrins to facilitate cell invasion
• Leads to formation of intracellular bacterial communities (IBC)
-Persistence, chronic infection, recurrent UTI

23
Q

How do you diagnose a UTI

A

Clinically then send sample to lab

-collecting urine sample from animal by using a urine pad and squeezing the pee out of it

24
Q

One bacterial species in high numbers is…

A

Clinically significant

25
Q

Pyelonephritis features
-type of infection
-uses what
-infection of what? causes what?

A

-ascending infection from bladder in all species
-uses fimbriae and flagella i.e uses both adherence and motility
-infection of kidney, parenchyma, calicoes and pelvis- cause inflammation and sometimes kidney abscesses

26
Q

Corynebacteria’s species cause what diseases in cattle?

A

cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle

27
Q

Name the 3 C.renale groups of corynebacteral species

A

• C.renale
• C.pilosum
• C.cystitidis

28
Q

What is UPEC

A

Uropathogenic E. coli

29
Q

Which type of fimbriae is specific to UPEC

A

P fimbriae only

30
Q

In the bloodstream, urinary tract, is it more common to see singular strains of bacteria E.coli or many different ones?

A

Only singular (1 or 2) usually seen to live together in gut

31
Q

E. coli causing UTI originate from what organ?

A

GI tract

32
Q

Virulence genes belonging to bacteria are encoded on what?

A

Pathogenicity islands

33
Q

What are pathogenicity islands?

A

Large block of genes that has come in from another organism in evolution via bacteriophage or transposon. I.e they have evolved to cause disease

34
Q

Name 4 substances which cause virulence of UPEC

A

• P fimbriae, S fimbriae
• Haemolysins
• CNF-1
• Iron acquisition systems

35
Q

What is CNF-1

A

Cytotoxic necrotising factor 1;
A secreted toxin which causes tissue damage in urinary tract

36
Q

What do UPEC need Iron acquisition systems for?

A

To persist and cause disease in UT

37
Q

Name the different components found on surface of a UPEC

A

Fimbriae-> prevent flushing away
LPS- different O antigens
Capsule-> to avoid phagocytosis
Flagella-> allows them to move up ureter
Iron acquisition systems/receptors-> for infection of bladder, kidney & bloodstream

38
Q

Name the 3 virulence factors encoded on the core genome/chromosome

A

• Type 1 fimbriae
• Specific O antigens (O1, O2, O4, O6, O25)
• Enterobactin- main iron acquisition system used by bacteria

39
Q

Name the core iron acquisition system used by bacteria to survive within UT

A

Enterobactin

40
Q

How many iron acquisition systems involved in UPEC

A

6

41
Q

Can UPEC use iron acquisition systems from other bacteria to get more iron from host?

A

Yes it can

42
Q

What kind of toxin is alpha haemolytic?

A

Pore forming

43
Q

Sat (secreted autotransporter toxin) function

A

Vacuolates cells which kills cells for example kidney and bladder cells

44
Q

Write the order of most common to least common corynebacteral group species between C.renale, C.pilosum & C.cystitidis

A

Renale> cystitidis> pilosum

45
Q

What type of infection is a C.renale bacteria?

A

Opportunist-
Highly adapted
Particularly like pregnant animals

46
Q

What diseases do C.renale species cause?

A

Cystitis, pyelonephritis, balanoposthitis

47
Q

Predisposing factors of C.renale bacteria

A

Pregnancy
Parturition
Post mating

48
Q

Virulence factors of C.renale group

A

Pili/fimbriae- adherence
Toxin renalin- responsible for cell lysis
Urease- ^ amount of ammonia in urine which causes ^ kidney & bladder stones in cattle
Caseinase

49
Q

Pathogenesis of C.renale bacteria

A

-Adhere to urogenital mucosa
-favour infecting stressed animals
-proliferate ad cause inflammation
-ascending infection

Module 6 Week 2 (10 decks)

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