Urinary Tract Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Are the kidneys intra or retro peritoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal.

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2
Q

Give the vertebral levels of each kidney.

A

Left T12 - L3

Right L1 - L4

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3
Q

What is the vertebral levels of the hilum of the kidneys?

A

Approximately L1 - L2.

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4
Q

Can the superior and/or inferior poles of the kidneys be palpated? If not, why?

A

The superior poles of the kidneys cannot be palpated as they are protected by the 11th and 12th ribs.

The inferior poles may be palpated between the lower border of rib 12 and the lateral border of the paravertebral muscles in a region called the renal angle.

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5
Q

What are the layers around the outside of the kidney?

A
  1. Renal capsule
  2. Perinephric fat
  3. Renal fascia
  4. Paranephric fat
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6
Q

How can an infection potentially spread from the left to right kidney and vice versa?

A

Via the renal fascia, which connects the kidneys.

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7
Q

Which renal artery is longer, left or right?

A

Right.

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8
Q

Does the right renal artery pass anterior or posterior to the IVC?

A

Posterior

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9
Q

What passes anterior to the left renal vein?

A

SMA.

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10
Q

What are the 2 main anatomical regions of the inside of the kidneys?

A

Cortex and medulla.

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11
Q

What shape are the medulla of the kidneys? What is at the apex of each medulla?

A

Inverted pyramid, with the renal papilla at each apex.

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12
Q

The final kidney develops from which 2 embryological structures?

A
  1. Ureteric bud

2. The intermediate mesoderm

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13
Q

What is the approximate length of the ureters?

A

25cm

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14
Q

What do the ureters link together?

A

The renal pelvis and the bladder.

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15
Q

As the ureters are travelling to the bladder, they run anterior to which bony structure?

A

They are running anterior to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.

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16
Q

Do the ureters pass anterior or posterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries?

A

Anterior

17
Q

What is the bloody supply of the ureters?

A
  1. Renal arteries
  2. Gonadal arteries
  3. Iliac arteries
18
Q

List 3 anatomical narrowings of the ureters.

A
  1. Renal pelvic-ureteric junction (PUJ).
  2. Pelvic brim
  3. Vesicoureteric junction (VUJ).
19
Q

What are the layers of smooth muscle in the ureters?

A

An inner longitudinal layer
An outer circular layer
An outer longitudinal layer only in lower 1/3rd of ureter.

20
Q

What is the name of smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle.

21
Q

What are the 4 surfaces of the bladder?

A

Superior, posterior, 2 inferolateral.

22
Q

What are the surface cells of the urothelium called?

A

Umbrella cells.

23
Q

List 5 anatomical relations to the right kidney and whether these are in direct contact or separated by peritoneum.

A
  1. Suprarenal gland on superior pole - direct contact.
  2. Liver - separated by peritoneum.
  3. 2nd part of the duodenum - direct contact.
  4. Hepatic flexure on lateral side of inferior pole - direct contact.
  5. Small intestine on medial side of inferior pole - separated by peritoneum.
24
Q

List 6 anatomical relations to the left kidney and whether these are in direct contact or separated by peritoneum.

A
  1. Suprarenal gland on superior pole - direct contact.
  2. Stomach - separated by peritoneum.
  3. Spleen - separated by peritoneum.
  4. Pancreas - direct contact.
  5. Splenic flexure - direct contact.
  6. Jejunum - separated by peritoneum.
25
Q

Which organ is superior to the kidneys?

A

Diaphragm.

26
Q

Which muscles are posterior to the kidneys, moving from a medial to lateral direction?

A
  1. Psoas major
  2. Quadratus lumborum
  3. Transversus abdominis
27
Q

Which ribs lie posterior to each kidney?

A

Left - Ribs 11 and 12.

Right - Rib 12 only.

28
Q

Which space lies extends posterior to the kidneys?

A

Costo-diaphragmatic recess.

29
Q

The renal pelvis is formed from what?

A

The condensation of two or three major calices.

30
Q

Which source(s) do the visceral efferent fibres of the ureters come from?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic sources.

31
Q

Which vertebral levels do the visceral afferent fibres of the ureters return to?

A

T11 to L2.

32
Q

What type of pain will commonly be felt with urinary tract stones? Where else might this pain spread in some instances?

A

Loin to groin pain, which could even extend into the scrotum or labia majora.

33
Q

List 3 complications of urinary tract stones.

A
  1. Infection
  2. Urinary obstruction
  3. Renal failure
34
Q

Name the parts of the male urethra.

A
  1. Pre-prostatic
  2. Prostatic
  3. Membranous
  4. Spongy/penile
  5. Navicular fossa