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Fall2023 > Urinary System Quiz Anatomy > Flashcards

Urinary System Quiz Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the renal/urinary system?

A

regulate water balance and maintain body homeostasis by eliminating and screting wastes

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2
Q

Define normovolemia

A

state of normal blood volume of water
- contrasts with hypervolemia (too much water) and hypovolemia (too little)

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3
Q

define hypernatremia

A

state of increased sodium in the blood
- contrasts with hyponatremia (too little sodium in the blood)

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4
Q

define osmolarity

A

the concentration of a solution

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5
Q

What does drinking water do to the plasma volume and osmolarity of your blood

A

plasma volume increases in blood while osmolarity decreases
- may cause swelling of the kidney but this is generally corrected by the production of hyperosmotic urine

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6
Q

define hyperosmotic urine and hypoosmotic urine to correct

A

hypoosmotic urine: dark yellow urine

hypersmotic urine: light yellow urine from excess water

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7
Q

What does eating salty food do to the plasma volume and osmolarity of your blood

A

salt is absorbed and plasma osmolarity is increased
- kidneys produce hyperosmotic urine to correct

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8
Q

what are the main structures of the urinary system?

A

kidneys: where urine is processed
ureters: carry urine to the bladder
bladder: stores urine
urethra: carries urine out of the body

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9
Q

what functions do kidneys have?

A
  • remove metabolic waste
  • regulate pH of plasma
  • control blood volume
  • control the concentration of solutes in body fluids
  • stimulate red blood cell production
  • metabolize vitamin D
  • synthesize ammonia from amino acids
  • degrade hormones
  • maintain homeostasis in the body
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10
Q

describe the location of the kidney in the body

A
  • protected by the rib cage and fatty tissue called perirenal fat
  • superior lumbar region
  • posterior to the abdominal wall (higher than expected)
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11
Q

Explain the path that urine travels from renal papillae to ureters

A

renal papillae
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
ureter

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12
Q

name the functions of the following…
renal medulla and pyramids
renal pelvis
ureter

A
  • renal medulla and pyramids: filtrate formation
  • renal pelvis: collecting region for processed filtrate
  • ureter: transports filtrate to the bladder
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13
Q

define hypervolemia

A

harder for the heart to do its job because of increased pressure from excess water in the blood.
- leads to cardiovascular disease when accompanied by a bad diet and lack of exercise

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14
Q

define hypovolemia

A

extreme dehydration leads to blood levels dropping with blood pressure

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15
Q

define hypernatremia

A

high sodium in the blood

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16
Q

define hyponatremia

A

low sodium in the blood

17
Q

define osmolarity

A

how much solute is dissolved in a solution

18
Q

what is a nephron? how many do we have? where are they found?

A
  • nephron: functional unit of the kidneys that filters waste in the blood
  • born with the number you will die with unless damaged– they do not heal
  • found in the renal pyramidal part of the kidneys
19
Q

describe the 3 processes that occur in the nephron and where they happen

A
  1. filtration: in renal corpuscle
    filters solutes and water
  2. reabsorption: in proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and some in distal convoluted tube
    water and NaCl are reabsorbed into the blood
  3. secretion: in distal tubule
    potassium, hydrogen, ammonium, etc are secreted into the collecting duct to be excreted
20
Q

what is the difference between the afferent and efferent arteriole of the nephron? how does this affect blood flow and filtration?

A
  • afferent arteriole: bigger due to large materials to be filtrated
  • efferent arteriole: smaller due to transferring filtered blood

*size difference leads to pressure increased in capillaries which increases filtration by forcing blood plasma into the bowman’s capsule

21
Q

describe glomerular filtration into the bowman’s capsule

A
  • the glomerular endothelium is fenestrated (has a filter with holes)
  • the filtration membrane is composed of podocytes
  • it filters blood by allowing solute-rich filtrate (plasma) to pass into bowman’s capsule
22
Q

after glomerular filtration, what happens in the proximal tube?
then the tubular reabsorption?

A
  • proximal tube: reabsorption of the solutes and water
  • tubular reabsorption: where all organic nutrients are absorbed, may use ATP. where water and ion absorption is hormonally controlled
23
Q

after tubular reabsorption, what happens at the loop of Henle?

A
  • descends into the medulla of the kidney
  • functions to help the body reabsorb water and solutes by “concentrating urine” due to an osmolarity gradient
  • The descending segment is permeable to only water while the ascending segment is permeable to only solutes
24
Q

after the loop of henle is the distal convoluted tubule, what happens here?

A
  • secretion and a bit of reabsorption
  • leads into the medulla and drains filtrate into the collecting duct (last place in the nephron before leaving it)
25
Q

what is the difference between juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons?

A
  • juxtamedullary nephrons: the loop of Henle extends deeply into the medulla of the kidney, producing more concentrated urine
  • cortical nephrons: produce dilute urine due to the loop of Henle being less deep into the medulla of the kidney
26
Q

if you chug a lot of water, you become _____ and ______.

A

hypervolemic and hyponatremic

27
Q

True or false: secretion is an active process that uses energy.

A

true: ATP is needed to transport solutes from the capillaries into the nephron

28
Q

what does ADH hormone do? where is it located?

A
  • the anti-diuretic hormone, vasopressin, regulates water reabsorption
  • produces more concentrated urine to remove more waste products without losing more water
  • secreted in the hypothalamus and is stored in the posterior pituitary
29
Q

True or false: 99% of filtrate can be reabsorbed by the nephron.

A

true

30
Q

true or false: secretion is the movement of blood to filtrate.

A

true

31
Q

true or false: reabsorption is the movement of blood to filtrate.

A

false– reabsorption moves filtrate into the blood.

32
Q

what are kidney stones and how are they created?

A
  • hard deposits formed in the kidneys, often made of minerals and salts
  • develop when urine contains high levels of certain substances, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid.
  • factors like dehydration, certain diets, family history, and medical conditions can contribute to their formation.
  • when these substances become concentrated in the urine, they can crystallize and stick together, forming stones.
33
Q

describe the microvascular (blood flow) of the urinary system

A

kidney
renal artery
small artery
afferent artery (bigger)
glomerulus capillary (site of blood filtration)
efferent arteriole (smaller)
peritubular capillary (site of reabsorption and secretion)
*venule
*vein
*renal vein

*=deoxygenated blood

34
Q

what effects does low ADH hormone have? high ADH?

A
  • low ADH: diuresis (peeing a lot with diluted urine)
  • high ADH: anti-dieuresis (small volume of concentrated urine)
35
Q

how does nicotine affect ADH hormone? what about alcohol (ethanol)?

A
  • nicotine increases ADH leading to smaller volume of more concentrated urine
  • alcohol decreases ADH leading to a larger volume of less concentrated urine
36
Q

what is aldosterone? where is it found? what function does it have?

A
  • aldosterone: a hormone produced in the adrenal gland (above the kidney)
  • targets collecting duct cells, where is conserves salt and water– promotes retention of sodium
  • indirect stimulus has a decrease in systemic blood volume and blood pressure

Fall2023 (10 decks)

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