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Anatomy & Physiology III > Urinary System: Part One > Flashcards

Urinary System: Part One Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Functions

List:

A

Filtration

Regulation

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2
Q

Kidney Filtration

Describe:

A

Filters 200 liters of blood daily, allowing toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions to leave the body in the urine

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3
Q

Kidney Regulation

Describe:

A

The kidneys regulate:

volume of the blood
chemical makeup of the blood
water and salt balance
acid and base balance

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4
Q

Other Renal Functions

List:

A

Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting

Production of renin to help regulate blood pressure

Production of erythropoietin to stimulate erythrocyte production

Activation of vitamin D

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5
Q

Other Urinary System Organs

List:

A

Paired ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

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6
Q

Paired Ureters

Describe:

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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7
Q

Urinary Bladder

Describe:

A

Provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine

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8
Q

Urethra

Describe:

A

Transports urine from the bladder out of the body

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9
Q

Layers of Tissue Supporting the Kidney

List:

A

Renal capsule

Adipose capsule

Renal fascia

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10
Q

Renal Capsule

Describe:

A

Fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection

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11
Q

Adipose Capsule

Describe:

A

Fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall

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12
Q

Renal Fascia

Describe:

A

Outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney

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13
Q

Kidney
Internal Anatomy

Frontal Section:

A

Cortex

Medulla

Renal Pelvis

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14
Q

Kidney
Cortex

Describe:

A

The light colored, granular superficial region

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15
Q

Kidney
Medulla

Describe:

A

Exhibits cone shaped medullary (renal) pyramids

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16
Q

Medullary (Renal) Pyramids

Describe:

A

Pyramids are made up of parallel bundles of urine-collecting tubules

Renal columns are inward extensions of cortical tissue that separate the pyramids

The medullary pyramid and its surrounding capsule constitute a lobe

End at the papillae and drain into the minor calyces

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17
Q

Kidney
Renal Pelvis

Describe:

A

Flat, tunnel-shaped tube lateral to the hilus within the renal sinus

Urine flows through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder

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18
Q 
Kidney
Internal Anatomy (Additional)

List:

A

Minor Calyces

Major Calyces

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19
Q

Kidney
Minor Calyces

Describe:

A

Collect urine draining from papillae

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20
Q

Kidney
Major Calyces

Describe:

A

Result from convergence of minor calyces

Empty urine into the renal pelvis

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21
Q

Kidney
Blood and Nerve Supply

Describe:

A

Approximately one-fourth (1200 ml) of systemic cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute

Arterial flow into venous flow out of the kidneys follow similar paths

The nerve supply is via the renal plexus

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22
Q

Nephron

Describe:

A

Nephrons are the structural and functional units that form filtrate

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23
Q

Nephron
Structural and functional units

List:

A

Glomerulus

Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule

Renal Corpuscle

Glomerular Endothelium

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24
Q

Nephron
Glomerulus

Describe:

A

A tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tube

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25
Nephron Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule Describe:
Blind, cup-shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus
26
Nephron Renal Corpuscle Describe:
The glomerulus and its Bowman's capsule
27
Nephron Glomerular Endothelium Describe:
Fenestrated epithelium that allows solute rich, virtually protein-free and blood-free filtrate to pass from the blood into the glomerular capsule
28
Nephron Components List:
Glomerulus Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) Loop of Henle (Ascending Limb, Descending Limb) Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Collecting Tubules Collecting Duct
29
Nephron Components Proximal Convoluted Tubule Describe:
Composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria; reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it
30
Nephron Components Loop of Henle Describe:
A hairpin-shaped loop of the renal tubule. Proximal part is similar to the proximal convoluted tubule followed by the descending limb and ascending limb
31
Nephron Components Loop of Henle Descending Limb:
Thin segment of simple squamous cells
32
Nephron Components Loop of Henle Ascending Limb:
Thick segment of cuboidal to columnar cells
33
Nephron Components Distal Convoluted Tubule Describe:
Cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption.
34
Nephron Components Collecting Tubules Describe:
The distal portion of the distal convoluted tubles nearer the collecting ducts
35
Nephron Components Collecting Ducts Describe:
Several tubules fees into a single collecting duct Involved in facultative water reabsorption and are affected by alcohol, ADH, aldosterone, pharmaceuticals Contain intercalated and principal cells
36
Nephron Components Collecting Ducts Intercalated cells Describe:
Cuboidal cells with microvilli Function in maintaining acid-base balance
37
Nephron Components Collecting Ducts Principal cells Describe:
Cuboidal cells without microvilli Help maintain the body's water and salt imbalance
38
Nephron Types List:
Cortical Nephrons Juxtamedullary Nephrons
39
Nephron Types Corital Nephrons Describe:
85% of nephrons Located in the cortex
40
Nephron Types Juxtamedullary Nephrons Describe:
Located in the cortex-medullary junction Have loop of Henle that deeply invade the medulla Have extensive thin and thick segments Are involved in the production of concentrated urine
41
Nephron Types Capillary Beds List:
Glomerulus Peritubular capillaries
42
Nephron Types Capillary Beds Glomerulus Describe:
Fed by an afferent arteriole Drained by an efferent arteriole Blood pressure is high Fluids and solutes are forced out of the blood throughout the entire length of the glomerulus
43
Nephron Types Capillary Beds Glomerulus- High blood pressure Describe:
Blood pressure in the glomerulus is high because: Arterioles are high resistance vessels Afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
44
Nephron Types Capillary Beds Peritubular capillaries Describe:
Low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for reabsorption that: Arise from different arterioles Cling to adjacent renal tubules Empty into the renal venous system
45
Nephron Types Capillary Beds Vasa Recta Describe:
Long, straight peritubular capillaries of juxtamedullary nephrons
46
Nephron Types Vascular Resistance in Microcirculation Describe:
Afferent and efferent arterioles offer high resistance to blood flow Blood pressure declines from 95 mmHg in renal arteries to 8 mmHg in renal veins Resistance in afferent arterioles protects glomeruli from fluctuations in systemic blood pressure
47
Nephron Types Vascular Resistance in Microcirculation Resistance in efferent arterioles Describe:
Reinforces high glomerular pressure Reduces hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries
48
Nephron Types Vascular Resistance in Microcirculation Resistance in efferent arterioles Describe:
Reinforces high glomerular pressure Reduces hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries
49
``` Nephron Types Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) ``` Describe:
Where the distal convoluted tubule lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles
50
``` Nephron Types Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) ``` Locations:
Arteriole walls Macula Densa Messangial cells
51
``` Nephron Types Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) ``` Arteriole Walls Locations:
Ateriole walls have juxtaglomerular (JG) cells Enlarged smooth muscle cells Secretory granulaes containing renin
52
``` Nephron Types Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) ``` Macula Densa Locations:
Tall, closely packed distal convoluted cells Lie adjacent to juxtaglomerular cells Function as chemoreceptors or osmoreceptors of filtrate
53
``` Nephron Types Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) ``` Mesangial Cells Locations:
Have phagocytic and contractile properties Influens capillary filtration
54
Nephron Types Filtration Membrane Describe:
Filter that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule. Composed of Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries Visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule (podocytes) Basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae of other layers
55
Mechanisms of Urine Formation Describe:
The kidneys filter the body's entire plasma volume 40 times each day The filtrate contains all plasma components except proteins and blood cells; loses water, nutrients, and essential ions The urine contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances
56
Mechanisms of Urine Formation Filtration (Introduction) Describe:
Urine formation and adjustment of blood composition involves three major processes Glomerular filtration Tubular filtration Tubular secretion
57
Mechanisms of Urine Formation Glomerular Filtration Describe:
Principles of fluid dynamics that account for tissue fluid in all capillary beds apply to the glomerulus as well Glomerulus is more efficient that other capillary beds Plasma proteins are not filtered and are used to maintain oncotic pressure of the blood
58
Mechanisms of Urine Formation Glomerular Filtration Efficiency Describe:
Glomerulus is more efficient that other capillary beds because: Its filtration membrane is significantly more permeable Glomerular pressure is higher It has a higher net filtration pressure
59
Mechanisms of Urine Formation Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) Describe:
The pressure responsible for filtration formation NFP equals the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) minus the oncotic pressure of glomerular blood (OPg) combined with the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
60
Mechanisms of Urine Formation Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) Equation:
NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc) NFP equals the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) minus the oncotic pressure of glomerular blood (OPg) combined with the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
61
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Describe:
The total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys
62
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Factors Governing Filtration Rate Describe:
Factors governing filtration rate at the capillary bed are: Total surface area available for filtration Filtration membrane permeability Net filtration pressure
63
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration If the GFR is too high Describe:
Needed substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost i the urine
64
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration If the GFR is too low Describe:
Everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of
65
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Mechanisms Controlling the GFR Describe:
Renal autoregulation (intrinsic system) Neural controls (extrinsic system) Hormonal mechanism (the renin-angiotensin system) (extrinsic system)
66
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Intrinsic Controls Describe:
Under normal conditions, renal autoregulation maintains a nearly constant glomerular filtration rate
67
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Intrinsic Controls Types Describe:
Myogenic- responds to changes in blood pressure in different arterioles Flow dependent tubuloglomerular feedback- senses changes in the filtrate flowing through the DCT
68
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Extrinsic Controls Describe:
Extrinsic controls take over under the following conditions: When the sympathetic nervous system is at rest Under stress The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the renin-angiotensin mechanism
69
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Extrinsic Controls Sympathetic Nervous System at Rest Describe:
Renal blood vessels are maximally dilated Autoregulation mechanisms prevail
70
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Extrinsic Controls Under Stress Describe:
Norepinephrine is released by the sympathetic nervous system Epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla Afferent arterioles constrict and filtration is severely restricted
71
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Renin-Angiotensin Describe:
Triggered with the juxtaglomerular cells release renin Renin acts on the angiotensinogen to release angiotensin I Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II As a result from both systemic and glomerular hydrostatic pressure rise (to return GFR to normal)
72
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Renin-Angiotensin Angiotensin II Describe:
Causes mean arterial pressure to rise by systemic vasoconstriction Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
73
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Renin Release Describe:
Renin release is triggered by: Reduced stretch of the granular juxtaglomerular cells Stimulation of the juxtaglomerular cells by activated macula densa cells Direct stimulation of the juxtaglomerular cells via adrenergic receptors by renal nerves Angiotensin II - initially provided by positive feedback
74
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Other Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtration Describe:
Prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2) Nitric oxide Adenosine Endothelin
75
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Other Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtration Prostaglandins Describe:
Prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2): Vasodilators produced in response to the sympathetic stimulation and angiotensin II Are thought to prevent renal damage when peripheral resistance is increased
76
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Other Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtration Nitric Oxide Describe:
Vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium
77
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Other Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtration Adenosine Describe:
Vasoconstrictor of renal vasculature
78
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Other Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtration Endothelin Describe:
A powerful vasoconstrictor secreted by tubule cells

Anatomy & Physiology III (3 decks)

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