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Anatomy & Physiology III > Urinary System: Part One > Flashcards

Urinary System: Part One Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Functions

List:

A

Filtration

Regulation

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2
Q

Kidney Filtration

Describe:

A

Filters 200 liters of blood daily, allowing toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions to leave the body in the urine

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3
Q

Kidney Regulation

Describe:

A

The kidneys regulate:

volume of the blood
chemical makeup of the blood
water and salt balance
acid and base balance

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4
Q

Other Renal Functions

List:

A

Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting

Production of renin to help regulate blood pressure

Production of erythropoietin to stimulate erythrocyte production

Activation of vitamin D

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5
Q

Other Urinary System Organs

List:

A

Paired ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

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6
Q

Paired Ureters

Describe:

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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7
Q

Urinary Bladder

Describe:

A

Provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine

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8
Q

Urethra

Describe:

A

Transports urine from the bladder out of the body

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9
Q

Layers of Tissue Supporting the Kidney

List:

A

Renal capsule

Adipose capsule

Renal fascia

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10
Q

Renal Capsule

Describe:

A

Fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection

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11
Q

Adipose Capsule

Describe:

A

Fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall

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12
Q

Renal Fascia

Describe:

A

Outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney

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13
Q

Kidney
Internal Anatomy

Frontal Section:

A

Cortex

Medulla

Renal Pelvis

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14
Q

Kidney
Cortex

Describe:

A

The light colored, granular superficial region

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15
Q

Kidney
Medulla

Describe:

A

Exhibits cone shaped medullary (renal) pyramids

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16
Q

Medullary (Renal) Pyramids

Describe:

A

Pyramids are made up of parallel bundles of urine-collecting tubules

Renal columns are inward extensions of cortical tissue that separate the pyramids

The medullary pyramid and its surrounding capsule constitute a lobe

End at the papillae and drain into the minor calyces

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17
Q

Kidney
Renal Pelvis

Describe:

A

Flat, tunnel-shaped tube lateral to the hilus within the renal sinus

Urine flows through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder

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18
Q 
Kidney
Internal Anatomy (Additional)

List:

A

Minor Calyces

Major Calyces

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19
Q

Kidney
Minor Calyces

Describe:

A

Collect urine draining from papillae

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20
Q

Kidney
Major Calyces

Describe:

A

Result from convergence of minor calyces

Empty urine into the renal pelvis

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21
Q

Kidney
Blood and Nerve Supply

Describe:

A

Approximately one-fourth (1200 ml) of systemic cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute

Arterial flow into venous flow out of the kidneys follow similar paths

The nerve supply is via the renal plexus

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22
Q

Nephron

Describe:

A

Nephrons are the structural and functional units that form filtrate

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23
Q

Nephron
Structural and functional units

List:

A

Glomerulus

Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule

Renal Corpuscle

Glomerular Endothelium

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24
Q

Nephron
Glomerulus

Describe:

A

A tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tube

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25
Q

Nephron
Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule

Describe:

A

Blind, cup-shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus

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26
Q

Nephron
Renal Corpuscle

Describe:

A

The glomerulus and its Bowman’s capsule

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27
Q

Nephron
Glomerular Endothelium

Describe:

A

Fenestrated epithelium that allows solute rich, virtually protein-free and blood-free filtrate to pass from the blood into the glomerular capsule

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28
Q

Nephron Components

List:

A

Glomerulus

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Loop of Henle (Ascending Limb, Descending Limb)

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Collecting Tubules

Collecting Duct

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29
Q

Nephron Components
Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Describe:

A

Composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria; reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it

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30
Q

Nephron Components
Loop of Henle

Describe:

A

A hairpin-shaped loop of the renal tubule. Proximal part is similar to the proximal convoluted tubule followed by the descending limb and ascending limb

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31
Q

Nephron Components
Loop of Henle

Descending Limb:

A

Thin segment of simple squamous cells

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32
Q

Nephron Components
Loop of Henle

Ascending Limb:

A

Thick segment of cuboidal to columnar cells

33
Q

Nephron Components
Distal Convoluted Tubule

Describe:

A

Cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption.

34
Q

Nephron Components
Collecting Tubules

Describe:

A

The distal portion of the distal convoluted tubles nearer the collecting ducts

35
Q

Nephron Components
Collecting Ducts

Describe:

A

Several tubules fees into a single collecting duct

Involved in facultative water reabsorption and are affected by alcohol, ADH, aldosterone, pharmaceuticals

Contain intercalated and principal cells

36
Q

Nephron Components
Collecting Ducts

Intercalated cells

Describe:

A

Cuboidal cells with microvilli

Function in maintaining acid-base balance

37
Q

Nephron Components
Collecting Ducts

Principal cells

Describe:

A

Cuboidal cells without microvilli

Help maintain the body’s water and salt imbalance

38
Q

Nephron Types

List:

A

Cortical Nephrons

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

39
Q

Nephron Types
Corital Nephrons

Describe:

A

85% of nephrons

Located in the cortex

40
Q

Nephron Types
Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Describe:

A

Located in the cortex-medullary junction

Have loop of Henle that deeply invade the medulla

Have extensive thin and thick segments

Are involved in the production of concentrated urine

41
Q

Nephron Types
Capillary Beds

List:

A

Glomerulus

Peritubular capillaries

42
Q

Nephron Types
Capillary Beds

Glomerulus

Describe:

A

Fed by an afferent arteriole

Drained by an efferent arteriole

Blood pressure is high

Fluids and solutes are forced out of the blood throughout the entire length of the glomerulus

43
Q

Nephron Types
Capillary Beds

Glomerulus- High blood pressure

Describe:

A

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is high because:

Arterioles are high resistance vessels

Afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles

44
Q

Nephron Types
Capillary Beds

Peritubular capillaries

Describe:

A

Low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for reabsorption that:

Arise from different arterioles
Cling to adjacent renal tubules
Empty into the renal venous system

45
Q

Nephron Types
Capillary Beds

Vasa Recta

Describe:

A

Long, straight peritubular capillaries of juxtamedullary nephrons

46
Q

Nephron Types
Vascular Resistance in Microcirculation

Describe:

A

Afferent and efferent arterioles offer high resistance to blood flow

Blood pressure declines from 95 mmHg in renal arteries to 8 mmHg in renal veins

Resistance in afferent arterioles protects glomeruli from fluctuations in systemic blood pressure

47
Q

Nephron Types
Vascular Resistance in Microcirculation

Resistance in efferent arterioles

Describe:

A

Reinforces high glomerular pressure

Reduces hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries

48
Q

Nephron Types
Vascular Resistance in Microcirculation

Resistance in efferent arterioles

Describe:

A

Reinforces high glomerular pressure

Reduces hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries

49
Q 
Nephron Types
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

Describe:

A

Where the distal convoluted tubule lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles

50
Q 
Nephron Types
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

Locations:

A

Arteriole walls

Macula Densa

Messangial cells

51
Q 
Nephron Types
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

Arteriole Walls

Locations:

A

Ateriole walls have juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

Enlarged smooth muscle cells
Secretory granulaes containing renin

52
Q 
Nephron Types
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

Macula Densa

Locations:

A

Tall, closely packed distal convoluted cells
Lie adjacent to juxtaglomerular cells
Function as chemoreceptors or osmoreceptors of filtrate

53
Q 
Nephron Types
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

Mesangial Cells

Locations:

A

Have phagocytic and contractile properties

Influens capillary filtration

54
Q

Nephron Types
Filtration Membrane

Describe:

A

Filter that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule. Composed of

Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
Visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule (podocytes)
Basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae of other layers

55
Q

Mechanisms of Urine Formation

Describe:

A

The kidneys filter the body’s entire plasma volume 40 times each day

The filtrate contains all plasma components except proteins and blood cells; loses water, nutrients, and essential ions

The urine contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances

56
Q

Mechanisms of Urine Formation
Filtration (Introduction)

Describe:

A

Urine formation and adjustment of blood composition involves three major processes

Glomerular filtration
Tubular filtration
Tubular secretion

57
Q

Mechanisms of Urine Formation
Glomerular Filtration

Describe:

A

Principles of fluid dynamics that account for tissue fluid in all capillary beds apply to the glomerulus as well

Glomerulus is more efficient that other capillary beds

Plasma proteins are not filtered and are used to maintain oncotic pressure of the blood

58
Q

Mechanisms of Urine Formation
Glomerular Filtration

Efficiency

Describe:

A

Glomerulus is more efficient that other capillary beds because:

Its filtration membrane is significantly more permeable
Glomerular pressure is higher
It has a higher net filtration pressure

59
Q

Mechanisms of Urine Formation
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

Describe:

A

The pressure responsible for filtration formation

NFP equals the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) minus the oncotic pressure of glomerular blood (OPg) combined with the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

60
Q

Mechanisms of Urine Formation
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

Equation:

A

NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc)

NFP equals the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) minus the oncotic pressure of glomerular blood (OPg) combined with the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

61
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Describe:

A

The total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys

62
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Factors Governing Filtration Rate

Describe:

A

Factors governing filtration rate at the capillary bed are:

Total surface area available for filtration
Filtration membrane permeability
Net filtration pressure

63
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
If the GFR is too high

Describe:

A

Needed substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost i the urine

64
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
If the GFR is too low

Describe:

A

Everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of

65
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Mechanisms Controlling the GFR

Describe:

A

Renal autoregulation (intrinsic system)

Neural controls (extrinsic system)

Hormonal mechanism (the renin-angiotensin system) (extrinsic system)

66
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Intrinsic Controls

Describe:

A

Under normal conditions, renal autoregulation maintains a nearly constant glomerular filtration rate

67
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Intrinsic Controls

Types

Describe:

A

Myogenic- responds to changes in blood pressure in different arterioles

Flow dependent tubuloglomerular feedback- senses changes in the filtrate flowing through the DCT

68
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Extrinsic Controls

Describe:

A

Extrinsic controls take over under the following conditions:

When the sympathetic nervous system is at rest
Under stress
The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the renin-angiotensin mechanism

69
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Extrinsic Controls

Sympathetic Nervous System at Rest

Describe:

A

Renal blood vessels are maximally dilated

Autoregulation mechanisms prevail

70
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Extrinsic Controls

Under Stress

Describe:

A

Norepinephrine is released by the sympathetic nervous system

Epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla

Afferent arterioles constrict and filtration is severely restricted

71
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Renin-Angiotensin

Describe:

A

Triggered with the juxtaglomerular cells release renin

Renin acts on the angiotensinogen to release angiotensin I

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II

As a result from both systemic and glomerular hydrostatic pressure rise (to return GFR to normal)

72
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Renin-Angiotensin

Angiotensin II

Describe:

A

Causes mean arterial pressure to rise by systemic vasoconstriction

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

73
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Renin Release

Describe:

A

Renin release is triggered by:

Reduced stretch of the granular juxtaglomerular cells

Stimulation of the juxtaglomerular cells by activated macula densa cells

Direct stimulation of the juxtaglomerular cells via adrenergic receptors by renal nerves

Angiotensin II - initially provided by positive feedback

74
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Other Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtration

Describe:

A

Prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2)

Nitric oxide

Adenosine

Endothelin

75
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Other Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtration

Prostaglandins

Describe:

A

Prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2):

Vasodilators produced in response to the sympathetic stimulation and angiotensin II

Are thought to prevent renal damage when peripheral resistance is increased

76
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Other Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtration

Nitric Oxide

Describe:

A

Vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium

77
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Other Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtration

Adenosine

Describe:

A

Vasoconstrictor of renal vasculature

78
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Other Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtration

Endothelin

Describe:

A

A powerful vasoconstrictor secreted by tubule cells

Anatomy & Physiology III (3 decks)

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