Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histolog Final Exam 3 > Urinary System (Lec 20) > Flashcards

Urinary System (Lec 20) Flashcards

1
Q

What system is responsible for water and electrolyte homeostasis, osmoregulation and acid-base balance

A
  • urinary system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the secretory function of the organ system?

A
  • excretion of toxic and metabolic waste products especially urea and creatinine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Urea and creatine are?

A
  • N-containing compounds from metabolism of proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what produces uric acid?

A
  • birds and reptiles( more efficient way to excrete) contians 4 nitrogen molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is urea?

A
  • 1 nitrogenous waste product in mammals that is soluble
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is uric acid soluble?

A
  • nope it is insoluble
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Can mammals secrete uric acid?

A
  • yes, dalmations

- can be dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is BUN?

A
  • measurement of blood

- blood urea nitrogen - (includes urea, creatinine, uric acid, and ammonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does the the urinary system metabolize and excrete various drug?

A
  • Yes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What synthesizes renin and maintains normal blood pressure via renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system?

A
  • Kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What produces erythorpoietin?

A
  • kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A
  • stimulates rbc production (erythropoiesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What converts vitamin D to its active form?

A
  • liver and kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are kidneys mesenteric organs?

A
  • no they are retroperitoneal organs with fibrous connective tissue capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where do blood vessels and ureters enter/exit?

A
  • hilus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What supplies the kidney?

A
  • renal artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the renal artery branch into?

A
  • renal artery –> interlobar artery –> arcuate artery –> then interlobular artery –> affarent arterioles to goleruli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What gives off the affarent arterioles?

A
  • interlobular artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the kindey divided into?

A
  • outer cortex and inner medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A
  • mostly renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A
  • mostly loops of Henle
  • collecting tubules
  • collecting ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What lines the renal pelvis/calycx?

A
  • transitional epithelium unique to urinary tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the transitional epithelium tract have?

A
  • varying # of layers- stratified, cuboidal to polygonal, with scalloped outline (= umbrella cells”)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What allows for changing of urine volumes?

A

-the highly distensible transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A
  • nephron

1 million in each human kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where doe nephrons derive from?

A
  • nephrogenic blastema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the neprhogenic blastema a part of?

A
  • part of developing urogenital ridge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the three types of nephrons?

A
  • cortical or subcapsular
  • juxtamedullary
  • intermediate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the different classifications of nephrons based on?

A
  • location in cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

______ or ______ are located in outer rim of cortex and have short loops of henle?

A
  • cortical or sub capsular nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_______ nephrons are adjacent to medulla and have long loops of henle

A
  • juxtamedullary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What nephrons have short loops of henle?

A
  • cortical or sub capsular nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What nephrons are located in outer rim of cortex?

A
  • cortical or sub capsular nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What nephrons have long loops of henle?

A
  • juxtamedullary nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where are juxtamedulary nephrons located?

A
  • adjacent to medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

______ nephrons are in the middle of the cortex and have intermediate length loops of Henle?

A
  • intermediate nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the two major components of the nephron?

A
  • renal corpuscle

- renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What part of the nephron filters the blood plasma?

A
  • renal corpuscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What part of the nephron collects filltrate?

A
  • renal tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

A
  • bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

_____ single layer of squamous epithelial cells resting on basement membrane (=parietal layer)

A
  • capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does the capsule form?

A
  • hollow, dilated end of proximal convolated tubule, surrounding glomerulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What type of epithelium is the capsule?

A
  • flattened squamous epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Parietal layer continues onto glomerulus as ______

A
  • visceral layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the highly modified cells of the visceral layer?

A
  • podocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Space between visceral and parietal layers is ________

A
  • bowman’s space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the function of bowman’s space?

A
  • it collects glomerular filtrate and empties into renal tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What do podocytes surround?

A
  • glomuleral capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A
  • a network of densely packed, anastomosing, fenestrated capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What supplies the golmerulus?

A
  • afferent and efferent arterioles

( unique that there is not a efferent venule with afferent arterioles)

This prevents leakage
(venule too thin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Blood plasma passes through several cell layers to become _____

A
  • filtrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Where are water and small molecular weight molecules filtered from blood into?

A
  • bowman’s space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

First layer consists of ?

A
  • capillary endothelial cells of glomerulus and glomerular basement membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

______ surface of capillary endothelium is negatively charged due to surface layer of glycoprotein podocalyxin

A
  • Luminal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is the function of podocalyxin?

A
  • sets up negatively charged barrier, prevents loss of anions, large protein molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does glomerular basement membrane do?

A
  • acts as physical barrier and ion- selective filter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the space between capillary basement membrane and second layer of cells?

A
  • subpodocyte space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the second layer of cells?

A
  • podocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What do podocytes do?

A
  • surround glomerular capillaries and posses cytoplasmic extensions know as foot processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Can 1’ foot processes give off 2’ foot process?

A
  • Yes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what is the space between foot processes?

A
  • filtration slits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the size of filtration slits?

A

~40 nm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What lines the filtration slits?

A
  • protein called nephrin which makes up slit diaphragms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the function of slit diaphragms?

A
  • act as additional barrier

- function to restrict passage of large macromolecules, proteins, negatively charged molecules, and blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Do podocytes have a phagocytic function?

A
  • Yes and they can remove trapped macromolecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What ultimately passes into renal tubule?

A
  • ultrafiltrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the four distinct zones of the renal tubule?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting tubule/duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Do the four zones of the renal tubule have the same function?

A
  • No each has a different physiological function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where does the renal tubule start?

A
  • bowmans capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What lines the renal tubule?

A
  • bowman’s capsule
  • filtrate produced at rate of ~ 120 ml/min in humans
    (most filtrate later resorbed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the primary function of renal tubule?

A
  • selective resorption of water, inorganic ions (Na and bicarbonate) and large molecules like aa’s proteins and glucose from glomerular filtrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is another function of renal tubule?

A
  • concentration of waster products such as urea, creatinine, and excess H+ and K+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Where is the proximal convoluted tubule confined to?

A
  • cortex
74
Q

Where is the primary site of water resorption?

A
  • resorbs ~75% of water and ions (Na, Cl) from filtrate
75
Q

What facilitates water resorption?

A
  • aquaporins
76
Q

What are aquaporins?

A
  • integral proteins forming specialized pores or channels for transport of H20 in brush border of epithelial cells
77
Q

What resorbs all proteins, AA,s and sugars (glucose)

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
78
Q

What epithelium lines the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium with apical microvilli (=brush border)
  • characteristic of proximal convoluted tubule
79
Q

Why are they called PROXIMAL convoluted tuble?

A
  • close or proximal to golmerulus
80
Q

What is characteristic of proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • brush border
81
Q

What are the 4 parts of the loop of henle?

A
  • pars recta (thick descending limb)
  • thin descending limb
  • thin ascending limb
  • thick ascending limb
82
Q

Thin limbs are long in ____ nephrons and short in _______ nephrons

A
  • jextamedullary, cortical
83
Q

What epithelium does the thin limb have?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
84
Q

What epithelium does the thick limb have?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
85
Q

______ has brush border of apical microvilli

A
  • Pars recta (thick descending limb)

- continuation of proximal convoluted tubule

86
Q

What surrounds the loop of henle?

A
  • peritubular capillary network, called the vasa recta
87
Q

What is the function of the loop of henle?

A
  • to generate high osmotic pressure in ECF of renal medulla
88
Q

How does the loop of henle generate high osmotic pressure?

A
  • via Na-K pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of henle
89
Q

Where are the Na-K pumps in the loop of henle?

A
  • the thick ascending limb
90
Q

Sodium accumulates in medulla due to these pump? T/F

A
  • true
91
Q

The high Na concentration in medulla and low salt/high water resorption in proximal convoluted tubule in cortex produces what?

A
  • cortico-medullary interstitial gradient
92
Q

What does the cortico-medullary intersitital gradient do?

A
  • produces counter current (exhange) multipier system of urine concentration
93
Q

What does the counter current result in?

A
  • production of hypertonic urine
94
Q

What is a continuation of the thick ascending limb of Loop of henle?

A
  • distal convoluted tuble
95
Q

Where is the distal convoluted tubule located?

A
  • present within the cortex
96
Q

What is the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium

with short apical microvilli

97
Q

Does the distal convoluted tubule have a brush border?

A
  • NOPE
98
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule do?

A
  • responsible for active resorption of Na and Cl, coupled with secretion of H and K ions
99
Q

_________ is responsible for active resorption of Na and Cl, coupled with secretion of H and K ions

A
  • Distal convoluted tubule
100
Q

What two types of cells control the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • principal cells

- intercalated cells

101
Q

What do principal cells do?

A
  • resorb Na and water, secrete K
102
Q

What do intercalated cells do?

A
  • resorb K, and secrete H
103
Q

_____ resorb Na and water and secrete K

A
  • principal cells
104
Q

______ resorb K and secrete H

A
  • intercalated cells
105
Q

What hormone controls the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • aldosterone (adrenal mineralocorticoid)
106
Q

Why is the two step (two cell type) process important in the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • it allows finer titration

- important in acid base balance

107
Q

Why do we have aldosterone to help us conserve sodium?

A
  • the reason is bc sodium is scarce in the environment
  • salt is hard to find other than ocean
  • why it was expensive commodity
  • roman soldiers got paid in salt
108
Q

What is the terminal portion of the nephron?

A
  • collecting tubule
109
Q

several tubules converge to form large _______

A
  • collecting duct
110
Q

Are collecting ducts visible?

A
  • yes as medullary rays
111
Q

What is the epithelium of the collecting tubule?

A
  • simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
112
Q

The straight terminal portion of the nephron is the____

A
  • collecting tubule
113
Q

where do the collecting ducts coverge?

A
  • renal papilla and empty into minor calyces
114
Q

How do the collecting tubules/ducts function?

A
  • function in Na resportion and maintenance of acid-base balance, K secretion and resorption
115
Q

What type of cells do the collecting tubules have?

A
  • principal and intercalated cells
116
Q

T/F epithelial cells of collecting duct are normally impermeable to water

A
  • True
117
Q

What happens to collecting tubules in the presence of ADH?

A
  • collecting tubules become permeable and will resorb water (via aquaporins)
118
Q

What is ADH

A
  • vasopressin
119
Q

What secretes ADH?

A
  • posterior pituitary
120
Q

T/F the collecting tubule does not work in conjunction with Loop of Henle and vasa recta to form counter-current exchange mechanism to concentrate urine

A
  • False it does help with this
121
Q

Collecting tubule are a second major site of urine concentration

A
  • true
122
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules are 2X as long as distal convoluted tubule (and much more convoluted) so most tubules in cortex are proximal

A
  • True
123
Q

____ convoluted tubules more oval to elongate with thinner flatter (but still cuboidal) epithelium

A
  • distal
124
Q

What do we mostly see in medulla?

A
  • Loop of henle
    (smallest tubules, with squamous to cuboidal epithelium)
  • fewer collecting tubules (medium sized) and occasional collecting ducts (largest with simple cuboidal epithelium) and surrounding blood vessels (vasa recta)
125
Q

When talking about specialized structure in kidney typically talking about?

A
  • juxtaglomerular apparatus
126
Q

combined barorector and chemoreceptor used to regulate systemic blood pressure via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is?

A
  • JGA
127
Q

What does teh JGA consist of?

A
  • specialized areas of affarent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule
128
Q

what are three components of the JGA?

A
  • macula densa
  • juztaglomerular cells
  • extraglomerula mesangial cells
129
Q

______ is thickened region on one side of distal convoluted tubule that contains densely packed cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells

A
  • macula densa
130
Q

What is the macula densa sensitive to?

A
  • changes in NA in fiiltrate
131
Q

______ are modified smooth muscle cells in wall of afferent arteriole,

A
  • juxtaglomerular cells
132
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells do?

A
  • act as baroreceptors; detect changes in blood pressure

- they produce renin in response to decreasing blood pressure

133
Q

______ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

A
  • renin
134
Q

_________ (goormaghtigh cells or lacis cells) are flattened cells surrounding afferent and efferent arterioles

A
  • extraglomerular cells
135
Q

What is the function of extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A
  • exact functions unclear, provide structural support and phagocytosis
  • may assist in tubular glomerular feedback (by transmitting signals from cells og macular densa to golerular mesangial cells)
136
Q

What is purpose of JGA?

A
  • control blood pressure
137
Q

When jga detect drop in blood pressure what do they do?

A
  • release renin
138
Q

Drop in blood pressure leads to decrease in glomerular filtration which leads to

A
  • decrease Na in distal convoluted tubule (macula densa senses this and releases renin)
139
Q

Where is ace produced?

A
  • lungs
140
Q

Angiotensiogen is converted to

A
  • angiotensin 1 by renin
141
Q

Angiotensin I is conveterted to angiotensin II by what?

A
  • angiotensin converting enzyme
142
Q

What is the function of angiotensin II?

A
  • vasoconstrictor which increases BP
143
Q

Angiotensin II increases bp in what 3 ways

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. release of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex –> resorption of Na and H20 from distal convoluted tubue–> increased bp from fluid volume
  3. ADH secretion from posterior pituitary –> increase water resorption from collecting tubule
144
Q

What do ace inhibitors do?

A
  • prevent conversion of angio tensin I to II by blocking action of ace
  • prevents increase in bp
145
Q

What lines ureters?

A
  • transitional epithelium thrown into folds
146
Q

What is the shape of ureters?

A
  • stellate or star shaped in X-S
147
Q

What are the ureters?

A
  • muscular tubes, conduct urine from kidneys to bladder
148
Q

What type of lamina do ureters have?

A
  • fairly thick, fibro elastic lamina propria
149
Q

Muscularis externa of ureters contains 3- layers of smooth muscle —

A
  • inner longitudinal, outer circular, plus third outermost longitudinal layer in lower third of ureter
150
Q

What contractions move urine?

A
  • peristaltic contractions
151
Q

What is the fibroelastic adventitia of ureters?

A
  • connective tissue
152
Q

The urinary bladder is lined by ____ epithelium (urothelium) with underlying fibroelastic lamina propria

A
  • transitional
153
Q

What makes up trigone for urinary bladder?

A
  • three openings

- two for entry of urine from ureters and one for exit of urine via urethra

154
Q

What surrounds the urethra?

A
  • surrounded by internal sphincter of smooth muscle
155
Q

What are the three smooth muscle layers of bladder?

A
  • inner longitudinal
  • outer circular
  • outermost longitudinal (interspersed with elastic fibers)
156
Q

What covers the peritoneal or visceral surface of bladder?

A
  • fibroblastic advenritia = serosa
157
Q

Why does urethra have paraurethral mucus glands?

A
  • because urine is acidic
158
Q

What lines the urethra?

A
  • stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium (occasionally squamous) with paraurethral muccas glands
159
Q

What are the 3 sections of urethra in males?

A
  • prostatic
  • membranous
  • spongy (penile)
160
Q

What lines the prostatic urethra?

A
  • transitional epithelium

rest of urethra has stratified

161
Q

Why are females more susceptible to bladder infections?

A
  • short urethra (less distance for bacteria to ravel)
162
Q

Bacterial/fungal (yeast) infection of bladder

A
  • cystitis
163
Q

What are symtoms of cystitis, pyelonephritis (in pelvis)?

A
  • rbs, wbcs, bacteria in urine, painful/burning urination
164
Q

How to treat cystitis?

A
  • antibiotics

- OJ and cranberry juice

165
Q

Ascending pyelonephritis

A
  • infection travels up ureters to kidney and is very serious
166
Q

Urination

A
  • micturition
167
Q

Excretion of protein (usually albumin)

A
  • proteinuria

- (indicative of renal disease)

168
Q

Excretion of glucose

A
  • glucosuria

(most common cause is diabetes mellitus) insulin deficiency

169
Q

Urinating a lot

A
  • polyuria
170
Q

Drinking a lot

A
  • polydypsia
171
Q

PUPD

A
  • poly uria and polydypsia
172
Q

What is a classic cause of PUPD?

A
  • diabetes insipidus
173
Q

Not enough ADH leads to

A
  • high volume, dilute (hypotonic) urine
174
Q

Varius drugs or metabolites concentrated in urine, may precipitate as _____ basis of early drug testing

A
  • crystals
175
Q

Crystal stone formation in the urine?

A
  • urinary calculi
176
Q

Stones in kidney?

A
  • nephrolithiasis
177
Q

Stones in bladder?

A
  • urolithiasis
178
Q

What causes kidney stones?

A
  • genetic and dietary component
  • may lodge in renal pelvis, ureters, pelvis, urethra
  • can be treated with ultrasound
  • tea can cause them
179
Q

Hydronephrosis?

A
  • if renal pelvis gets backpressure from kidney stone enlarges renal pelvis
180
Q

Hydroureter?

A
  • log jam
  • urine accumulates and dialation of ureter occurs
  • usually unilater
181
Q

BUN

A
  • blood test measures renal function, indirect measure of renal disease
  • doesnt increae until 75% of functional nephrons lost– uremia
182
Q

elevated bun

A
  • uremia

Histolog Final Exam 3 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions