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elimination and detox - wk 2 > urinary system imaging in dogs and cats > Flashcards

urinary system imaging in dogs and cats Flashcards

1
Q

location of kidneys

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • more mobile in cats
  • ureters not seen
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2
Q

location of right kidney

A
  • more difficult to visualize
  • adjacent to & silhouetts with caudate liver lobe
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3
Q

location of left kidney

A
  • more caudal than the right kidney
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4
Q

size of kidney

x-ray

A
  • ratio: renal length to L2 body length (VD projection)
  • dog: 2.5-3.5x length of L2
  • cat: intact - 2.1-3.2x length of L2; neutered - 1.9-2.6x length of L2
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5
Q

the function of the kidney is evaluated by:

A
  • intravenous urography - x-rays, CT
  • +/- nuclear scintigraphy (glomerular filtration rate study)
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6
Q

intravenous urography is based on:

A

the kidney’s ability to concentrate and excrete the contrast

opacification of kidneys, ureters, bladder

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7
Q

what kinds of mediums are used in IV urography

A

nonionic or ionic iodinated contrast medium
* IV injection
* excreted by glomerular filtration
* no significant tubular secretion or reabsorption

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8
Q

IV urography gives information about

A
  • kidney morphology and function
  • ureter morphology and patency
  • bladder morphology
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9
Q

IV urography - procedure

A

IV contrast bolus; serial radiographs

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10
Q

what are the most common uses for IV urography

A
  • evaluate for ectopic ureters
  • ureter patency (rule out obstruction)
  • kidney and ureter leakage/rupture (trauma)
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11
Q

what are the contraindications of IV urography

A
  • dehydration
  • no absolute contraindications if normal hydration
  • relative contraindication: serverely debilitated patients with poor renal function
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12
Q

are normal ureters seen on survey x-rays

A

no

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13
Q

how to visualize ureters

A
  • ultrasound (may not be visible if normal)
  • IV urography
  • retrograde vadino-cysto-urethrogram (ectopic ureters in female)
  • antegrade pyelography (ultrasound-guided injection of iodinated contrast directly into an abnormally dilated renal pelvis, followed by x-rays)
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14
Q

ureters are not normally visible on survey radiographs unless:

A

radiopaque ureteroliths are present

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15
Q

normal end on vessels that can be seen:

A

deep circumplex iliac arteries and veins - common misdiagnosis for ureteral calculi

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16
Q

ureters: exretory urography

A
  • 1-3mm diameter
  • retroperitoneal except at the trigone
  • caudal “hook” or “J” shape just before the trigone
  • segmented due to peristalsis
17
Q

renal ultrasound is complementary to radiographic studies:

A
  • size
  • shape
  • interal architecture
  • vasculature
18
Q

renal ultrasound is what dependent

2 things

A

operator and equipment dependent

19
Q

renal ultrasound size

A
  • dogs: renal length to aortic diameter: 5.5 -9.1
  • cats: 3.8 - 4.4 cm
20
Q

renal ultrasound echostructuture

A

medulla < cortex </= liver < pelvis/sinus

21
Q

in dogs and cats the medullary rim sign is:

A

incidental

22
Q

in cats a thick medullary band sign:

A

may be associated with kidney disease

23
Q

in cats a hyperechoic cortex can be :

A

normal - lipid vaculoles in cortex

24
Q

in dogs and cats, minimal pelvic dilation is:

A

normal

25
Q

urethra - survey x-rays

A
  • not usually seen in dogs
  • can see long bladder neck and proximal urethra in cats
26
Q

what are indications to do a retrograde cystography/cysto-urethrography

A
  • assess bladder integrity, size, shape, position
  • lower urinary tract clinical signs
  • abnormal urinalysis
  • persisten, recurring or chronic UTIs
27
Q

positive contrast - cystography

A
  • procedure of choice for bladder location and integrity
  • iodinated contrast
28
Q

negative contrast - cystography

A
  • least sensitive
  • air or CO2
29
Q

double contrast - cystography

A
  • contrast procedure of choice for bladder wall or intraluminal abnormalities
  • ultrasound used more routinely
30
Q

urethrography - positive contrast

A
  • similar principles as cystography
  • male dogs: prostatic urethra mildly narrower
  • retrograde vagino-cysto-urethrogram: contrast refluxes into urethra
31
Q

ultrasound of bladder

A
  • urine should be anechoic
  • bladder wall generally < 2-3mm thick, 3 layered pattern
32
Q

is the prostate normally seen in cats or neutered dogs

A

no - only in intact male dogs

33
Q

what is the fat triangle

prostate x-ray

A
  • body wall (ventral)
  • bladder (caudoventral margin)
  • prostate (cranioventral)
34
Q

size of prostate in intact male dogs on x-ray

A
  • lateral: length or height as % of pubic brim to sacral promontory dimension (normal <70%)
  • VD: < 50% of the pelvic inlet width
35
Q

prostate - dogs - ultrasound - difference between intact and neurtered

A
  • intact: hyperechoic
  • neutered: small, relatively hypoechoic

elimination and detox - wk 2 (5 decks)

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