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Chapter 23 Urinary System > Urinary System Flashcards > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three basic steps to urine formation?

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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2
Q

What is filtration?

A
  • blood in the glomerulus is filtered through to the Bowman’s capsule. Filtration is across a highly selective filtration membrane
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3
Q

What is the filtration membrane made of?

A

endothelium of the glomerulus and epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule, it does not allow the passage of blood cells or large proteins

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4
Q

What is the filtration membrane made of?

What does it not allow the passage of?

A
  1. endothelium of the glomerulus and epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule,
  2. it does not allow the passage of blood cells or large proteins
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5
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

valuable substances are reclaimed from the filtrate and returned to the general circulation via the peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

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6
Q

Where does reabsorption mostly occur?

A

in the proximal convoluted tubule

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7
Q

What is prevented from being lost as waste?

A

water, glucose, salt, an amino acids

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8
Q

What is secretion?

A

the movement of substances from the blood (in peritubular capillaries/vasa recta) into the filtrate in the tubular lumen

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9
Q

Where does secretion mostly occur?

A

occurs mostly at the DISTAL convoluted tubule and the COLLECTING DUCT

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10
Q

What does secretion allow for?

A

allows for the elimination of substances from the blood that wasn’t filtered through the glomerulus

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11
Q

What three pressures affect the filtering process?

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure,
plasma colloid osmotic pressure,
bowman’s capsular hydrostatic pressure

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12
Q

What is Glomerular capillary blood pressure (GCBP)?

A

fluid pressure exerted by the blood within the glomerulus, pushes fluid and solutes across the filtration membrane

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13
Q

The GCBP is ___a_____ pressure that ____b_____ filtration ( 55Hg)

A

a. POSITIVE

b. FAVORS

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14
Q

What is Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure?

A

caused by large plasma proteins that are too big to pass across the filtration membrane
Presence of these proteins causes the osmotic movement of fluid toward the GLOM

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15
Q

PCOP hinders the movement of __a______ into the _______b______ and exerts a _______c________ pressure ( 30 mmHg)

A

a. FILTRATE
b. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
c. NEGATIVE

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16
Q

What is Bowman’s Capsular Hydrostatic pressure?

A

caused by the turbulence of filtrate into the Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

BCHP interferes with ___a___ moving into the __b___ and exerts a ___c___ pressure ( 15 mmHg)

A

a. FLUID
b. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
c. NEGATIVE

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18
Q

Adding the pressures together yields the __________ , which defines the G—– F —- R—-

A

net filtration rate which defines the Glomerulular Filtration Rate
GCBP + PCOP + BCHP = mmHg =
(+55 GCBP) + (-30 PCOP) + (-15 BCHP) = +10 mmHg = Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

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19
Q

a - Which numbers of Net Filtration Pressure calculation contribute to filtration?

b. which ones hinder filtration?
c. As long as the value of NFP is the process of filtration is .

A

a-positive ones contribute to filtration
b-negative ones hinder filtration
c- as long as the value of NFP is positive, the process of filtration is favored

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20
Q

The __a___ filtrate you have the __b___ urine you will have and vice verssa

A

a. MORE

b. MORE

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21
Q

Any__a___ in any of the pressures will cause a corresponding __b___ in GFR and vice versa

A

a. INCREASE

b. INCREASE

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22
Q

What are the two mechanisms for regulation of Glomulular Filtration Rate?

A
  1. Renal Autoregulation/myogenic,

2. tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism

23
Q

What happens during Renal Autoregulation of the GFR?

A
  1. vascular smooth muscle reflexively contracts after it has been stretched
  2. if blood is flowing through the afferent arteriole at a high rate/ high volume, the afferent arteriole will be stretched, then reflexively contract
24
Q

The decrease in flow rate/volume in the afferent arteriole causes….

A

it to dilute.

25
Q

What is tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism?

A

involves a structure in the nephron called the juxtaglomerular apparatus

26
Q

What type of cells is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus made of?

A

vascular cells
and
tubular cells

27
Q

What is another name for vascular cells? why?

A

granular cells because they contain renin granules

28
Q

How is the RENIN in the vascular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus used?

A

Renin is released when the cells sense a decrease in GFR; caused presumably by a decrease in systemic blood pressure

29
Q

Angiotensin II causes:

A
  • constriction of the Efferent arteriole
  • posterior pituitary to release ADH
  • adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
30
Q

Constriction of the __a___ arteriole, __b___ back pressure in GLOM,__c___ GCBP and__d___ GFR

A

a. efferent
b. increase
c. increasing
d. increasing

31
Q

Angiotensin II causes posterior pituitary to release ___a___ , increasing __b___ reabsorption at the level of the collecting duct and the __c___ , __d___ blood volume, BP, GCBP, and .

A

a. ADH,
b. water
c.
d. increasing

32
Q

Angiotensin II causes a to release b increasing c. reabsorption, d water reabsorption at the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule, e blood volume, BP, GCBP, and GFR.

A

a. adrenal cortex
b. aldosterone,
c. water reabsorption,
d. increasing

33
Q
  1. What is another name for tubular cells?
A
  1. macula densa
34
Q
  1. What do tubular cells do?
A

of NaCl flow

35
Q

If rate of NaCl flow is high, the tubular cells release

A

endothelin

36
Q

What happens after the release of endothelin cause by high rate of NaCl flow?

A

afferent arteriole constricts, decreasing blood flow to the GLOM, decreasing GCBP, and decreasing GFR

37
Q

If rate is low (GFR IS NEGATIVE), the tubular cells release

A

Brady Kinin

38
Q

What happens after Brady Kinin is released due to a low rate of NaCl flow?

A

Afferent arteriole dilates, increasing blood flow to GLOM, increasing GCBP, increasing GFR

39
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

movement of valuable substances out of the filtrate within tubules and into the blood of the peritubular capillaries

40
Q

What is Na+ reabsorption?

A

-80% of the ATP needed by the kidneys is used for actively reabsorbing Na+

41
Q
  • Process is driven by a / . The is located on the surface of the tubule epithelial cells
A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump.
pump
BASOLATERAL

42
Q

What role do Cl- and HCO3 play in reabsorption?

A

Cl- and HCO3 are reabsorbed following electrical gradients

- they maintain electrical neutrality in plasma and filtrate

43
Q

What happens to the non-reabsorbed substances?

A

there is a high concentration of non-reabsorbed substances in the urine, which are either too large to be reabsorbed or don’t have the specific carrier proteins

44
Q

What are the specific carrier proteins?

A

urea, creatine, and uric acid

45
Q

What are the specific TUBUlar regions of reabsorption?

A

Proximal convoluted tube, loop of henle, distal convoluted tube, collecting duct

46
Q

What is reabsorbed in PCT?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tube

47
Q

What is reabsorbed in Loop of Henle?

A

some Na+, Cl-, and K+ at ascending loop of henle (salts)

some H2O at descending loop of Henle

48
Q
  • What does reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct depend on?
  • what does it target tissues for?
A
  • ADH and Aldosterone

Distal Covoluted tubule, and Collecting Duct

49
Q

What is secretion?

A

movement of substances (not needed) from the blood in the peritubular capillaries and into the filtrate in the tubular lumen . Secretion of is important in maintaining pH

50
Q

Where does secretion of this occur?

What does the secretion of this depend on?
Secretion of H+ is important in maintaining pH.

A
  • it occurs at proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
- it depends on the acidity of BODY FLUIDS
 if the body fluids are:
too acidic =            secretion of H+
too basic =             secretion of H+
 too acidic = increase secretion of H+
too basic = decrease secretion of H+
51
Q

K+

a- where it is secreted from?

b- what it does?

A

a- active secretion in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

b- coupled to Na+ reabsorption via the Na+/K+ ATPase pump at the basolateral surface of the tubule epithelial cells

52
Q

How is K+ used?

A

coupled to Na+ reabsorption via the Na+/K+ ATPase pump at the basolateral surface of the tubule epithelial cells

53
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on K+ reabsorption?

A

Aldosterone alters the rate of K+ secretion at the same time it alters the rate of Ha+ reabsorption
INCREASE in ALDOSTERONE = INCREASE in Na+
reabsorption = increase in K+ secretion

Chapter 23 Urinary System (2 decks)

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