Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CRRAB II Week 1 - WLB > Urinary System - Downing > Flashcards

Urinary System - Downing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Elimination of wastes (urine production)
  • Fluid balance
  • Salt balance
  • Acid-base balance
  • Endocrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three components of the Renal Parenchyma?

A
  • Parenchyma
    • Cortex
      • Renal corpuscles
      • Medullary rays
    • Medulla
      • Renal pyramids
      • Area cribrosa
    • Renal columns (cortical material)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between a lobe and a lobule of the kidney?

A
  • Lobe
    • Grossly visible
    • Medullary pyramid and surrounding cortical tissue
  • Lobule
    • Microscopic
    • Straight tubules in medullary rays + surrounding cortical tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What defines the outer border of a lobule in the kidney?

A

Interlobular arteries & veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are medullary rays?

A
  • collections of straight running tubules in the center of lobes of the kidney
    • converge at the medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a nephron consist of?

A
  • Renal corpuscle
    • Bowman’s capsule
    • Glomerulus
  • Tubular portion
    • Proximal convoluted tubule
    • Loop of Henle
    • Distal convoluted tubule
      • (hooks up to collecting duct)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of blood vessels are associated with the Glomerulus?

A

ARTERIES!

  • Vascular apparatus; entirely arterial
  • Afferent and efferent arterioles
  • Fenestrated capillaries within capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are podocytes?

A
  • Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
    • continuous with parietal layer
  • Primary and secondary processes
  • Slit pores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of mesangial cells?

A
  • Cleaning GBM
  • GBM turnover
    • if blocked
  • Support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you distinguish between the cortex and medulla of the kidney?

A
  • Cortex
    • Outer darker area
    • Contains renal corpuscles and medullary rays
  • Medulla
    • Appears lighter, inner area
    • Contains 6-18 medullary pyramids
      • Bases of pyramids lie adjacent to cortical tissue
      • Tips of pyramids (renal papillae) point toward the minor calyces of the renal pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the vascular supply to and from the kidney?

A
  • Renal Artery
  • Interlobar Arteries
  • Arcuate Arteries
  • Interlobular Arteries
    • branches to afferent arterioles
    • efferent vessels
      • peritubular vascular network
  • Vasa recta (from efferent near corticomedullary junction)
    • Arteriolae rectae (descending)
    • Venae rectae (ascending)
      • drains into Arcuate Vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you distinguish between major & minor calyces of the kidney?

A

minor calyces converge to form several major calyces which in turn converge to form the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you identify Proximal tubules on histologic slides?

A
  • Bulk of cortex
  • Fuzzy (striated/brush) luminal border
  • Eosinophilic
  • Apical canaliculi (tiny invaginations)
  • Lateral membrane folding
  • Basal folds containing mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you identify a Distal straight tubule on histologic slides?

A
  • Abrupt transition to simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Less eosinophilic and larger lumen than proximal tubule
    • ‘cleaner’ apical and lateral borders
  • More nuclei around circumference of tubules
  • Basal membrane folds & mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the collecting tubules?

A
  • Water resorption; under influence of ADH
  • Acid-base balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three components of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
  • Macula densa
  • Extraglomerular mesangial cells
17
Q

What are the mechanisms that allow for the Juxtaglomerular apparatus to maintain normal blood pressure?

A
  • JG cells respond to degree of stretch
  • Macula densa cells monitor Na+ concentration in the distal tubule
  • Low plasma Na+ stimulates renin release
  • Sympathetic nerve fibers can terminate on JGA cells => release renin when stimulated
18
Q

What is the nerve supply of the kidney?

A
  • Sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system (extrinsic supply)
    • Contraction of vascular smooth muscle
      • Afferent arteriole contraction reduces filtration rate (and urine production)
      • Efferent arteriole contraction increases filtration rate (and urine production)
    • Loss leads to increased urinary output
  • Extrinsic nerve supply not essential
19
Q

What are the four components of a Ureter?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa?
  • Muscular coat
  • Adventitia
20
Q

What are the four layers of the Urinary Bladder?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa?
  • Muscular coat
  • Adventitia
21
Q

What is the difference between the male and female urethra?

A
  • Female
    • Mucosa
      • Transitional epithelium near bladder; stratified squamous thereafter
      • Lamina propria
    • Muscular wall (mostly smooth)
  • Male
    • Mucosa
      • Prostatic: transitional epithelium
      • Membranous: stratified columnar
      • Cavernous: stratified or pseudostratified and becoming stratified squamous at end
22
Q

What is the area cribrosa?

A
  • Name given to the tip of the papilla (tip of renal pyramids)
  • Perforated by 10-25 small openings where the terminal segments of the uriniferous tubules open into a minor calyx
23
Q

What is the macula densa?

A
  • Elliptical disc of densely packed elongated cells in wall of ascending limb where it contacts afferent arteriole
    • at the transition to the distal convoluted tubule
  • Immediately adjacent to juxtaglomerular cells in wall of afferent arteriole at the vascular pole of the glomerulus
  • Golgi apparatus is reversed in position in the macula densa cells
    • Positioned between nucleus and base of cell rather than in apical cytoplasm
24
Q

What is the function of the macula densa?

A

Function not completely clear.

Thought to monitor the Na+ concentration in the distal tubule

25
Q

What is the structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • Juxtaglomerular Cells:
    • Specialized cells in wall of afferent arteriole among smooth muscle cells of vascular pole
    • Rounded
    • Myoepitheloid appearance
    • Granules in the cytoplasm: contain renin
26
Q

What is the function of the proximal tubule?

A
  • 65% of all water and NaCl is reabsorbed from tubule
    • Sodium is actively transported
    • Chloride and water follow passively to maintain osmotic equilibrium
  • Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed
  • Protein is absorbed via pinocytosis at the luminal surface
    • Pinocytotic vesicles fuse with lysosomes: protein is broken down
27
Q

What are the three components of the glomerular filtration apparatus?

A
  • Capillary endothelium
    • Capillaries are fenestrated
    • Fenestrations lack the thin pore diaphragm seen in fenestrated capillaries elsewhere in the body
  • Basal lamina
    • Fine filaments + glycoprotein matrix
    • Collagen
  • Slit pores
    • between adjacent interdigitating foot processes (pedicels) of podocytes

CRRAB II Week 1 - WLB (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions