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PT1:3: Pathology II > Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Main role of Physical Therapists with urinary disorders

A

screen out potential renal and urinary tract disorders from musculoskeletal disorders

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2
Q

what urinary pathology to PT usually treat?

A

incontinence

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3
Q

Fx of the kidney

A
  1. maintain volume of body fluids, electrolyte balance, and osmolarity with changes in food intake, exercise and metabolism
  2. regulate electrolytes: K, Na, Cl, Ca, Mg, and Phosphate
  3. Secretes Renin (used in BP regulation) and Erythropoietin (red blood cell production)
  4. involved in Vit. D formation
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4
Q

what happens to most of the water and solutes that enter the proximal tubule?

A

they are reabsorbed

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5
Q

what structure filters the blood?

A

-glomerulus

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6
Q

what structures are too large to be filtrated and stay in the blood?

A
  • plasma proteins
  • cells
  • platelets
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7
Q

how much filtrate is reabsorbed in the tubules?

A

most (99%)

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8
Q

What is from the adrenal gland that causes reabsorption of sodium and H20?

A

aldosterone

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9
Q

What from the pituitary gland causes H20 absorption?

A

ADH

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10
Q

ADH from the pituitary gland causes H20 absorption which in turn leads to what that is important with BP fluctuations?

A

fluid retention thus increasing the blood pressure

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11
Q

Two main waste substances?

A

Creatine

Urea

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12
Q

excreted byproduct of muscle metabolism

A

creatine

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13
Q

excreted byproduct of protein metabolism

A

Urea

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14
Q

What can be an indication of renal failure?

A

urea and creatine built up in the blood because they should be filtrated out

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15
Q

Blood Pressure Regulation

A
  1. drop in BP causes kidney to secret Renin
  2. ACE converse angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
  3. in lungs and kidneys ACE converse AI to AII
  4. AII stimulates aldosterone from adrenal glands that increases Na and H20 reabsorption
  5. AII causes peripheral vasoconstriction
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16
Q

what causes peripheral vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure?

A

A II

17
Q

When would you give ACE inhibitors

A

with high blood pressure

18
Q

What is the first line of defense for high blood pressure and why?

A

ACE inhibitors

-they do not directly affect the heart like beta blockers

19
Q

what causes secretion of Aldosterone which increases reabsorption of Na and H20?

A

Angiotensin II

20
Q

Reabsorption of H20 and Na with vasoconstriction do what?

A

increase blood pressure

21
Q

what two things are used to decrease arterial pressure?

A
  1. ACE inhibitors

2. A II Receptor Blockers

22
Q

antihypertension therapy:

A

slows progression of renal disease and reduces proteinuria

23
Q

an increase in protein in the urine can lead to?

A

damage to the nephron by setting off an inflammatory response

24
Q

why are ACE inhibitors useful in patients with CHF?

A

they don’t depress cardiac function

25
Q

Why are ACE inhibitors useful in patients with diabetes?

A

they don’t adversely affect glucose levels

26
Q

What are adverse effects of ACE inhibitors

A
  • hypotension
  • rash
  • coughing due to pulmonary irritation
  • hyperkalemia (mention of Na and excretion of K)
27
Q

what is not useful with high blood pressure?

A

antidiuretic hormones

28
Q

What is secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to increased plasma osmolarity and decreases in blood pressure?

A

ADH (vasopressin) (antidiuretic)

29
Q

What does ADH do?

A

causes water reabsorption by the kidneys which increases fluid retention, decreases urine output and increases blood pressure

30
Q

when are diuretics used?

A

to decrease water

  • treat hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • edema common with congestive heart failure
31
Q

What happens in the kidneys when there is a decrease in plasma levels of calcium?

A

secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

32
Q

3 Things the PTH does

A
  1. increases Ca reabsorption
  2. activates Vit. D which increases absorption of Ca from small intestine
  3. releases Ca from the bones which could lead to osteoporosis
33
Q

secreted by the kidney and stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells in response to tissue hypoxia

A

EPO

34
Q

Why is Vit D important?

A

increases absorption of calcium form intestinal tract and reabsorption of calcium in the kidney (similar to PTH)

35
Q

What is largely excreted in the kidneys?

A

creatine and urea

36
Q

what is reabsorbed in the kidneys

A

calcium

37
Q

Following a drop in blood pressure what occurs?

A
  1. renin secreted by kidney
  2. A II triggered by renin causes vasoconstriction
  3. Aldosterone causes reabsorption of NA and H20
38
Q

What happens when there is a drop in blood levels of Calcium?

A
  1. PTH released to increase Ca reabsorption in gut, kidney and from bone
  2. Vit D increases reabsorption of of Ca in kidney
39
Q

tissue hypoxia causes release of?

A

EPO to increase RBC production

PT1:3: Pathology II (3 decks)

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