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Semester 2 CNM > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Four functions of urinary system

A

Excretion of unwanted substances
Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance
pH regulation of body fluids especially the blood
Production of hormones (erythropoietin and calcitrol)

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2
Q

Name the metabolic wastes excreted by the kidneys

A
  1. Urea
  2. Uric acid
  3. Creatinine
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3
Q

What do the metabolic wastes all contain?

A

Nitrogen

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4
Q

Which type of waste do the kidneys specialise in removing?

A

Nitrogenous wastes

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5
Q

What is urea?

A

A metabolite of protein metabolism

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6
Q

What is Uric acid?

A

A product of purine metabolism

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7
Q

What is creatinine?

A

An end product of muscle metabolism

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8
Q

Three types of excretion from the kidneys?

A

Metabolic wastes
Ions
Toxins

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9
Q

Which main Ion is excreted from the kidneys?

A

Hydrogen

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10
Q

What is the minimum urine content required to clear body waste per day?

A

500ml

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11
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Electrically charged atoms in solution

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12
Q

What are the three most important electrolytes regulated by the kidneys?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Hydrogen

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13
Q

How do the kidneys contribute to balancing PH in the body?

A

They excrete H+ into the urine which produces HC03 (bicarbonate)

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14
Q

What is the region the blood PH must stay between?

A

7.35-7.45

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15
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitrol

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16
Q

What hormone increases bone formation?

A

Calcitrol

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17
Q

How does calcitrol increase bone formation?

A
  1. Stimulates calcium & magnesium uptake from GIT

2. Reduces calcium loss in kidney

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18
Q

Where is erythropoietin secreted from into the blood?

A

Kidneys

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19
Q

In renal failure, erythropoietin production is inadequate leading to which condition?

A

Anemia

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20
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

9mmol/L

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21
Q

What is the normal blood glucose level?

A

4-7mml/L

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22
Q

What happens to your blood pressure when more water is excreted?

A

It is lowered

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23
Q

What happens to your blood pressure when less water is excreted?

A

Higher blood pressure

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24
Q

Which enzyme secreted by the kidneys works to regulate blood pressure?

A

Renin

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25
Q

What pathway is activated by Renin?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone pathway

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26
Q

What does increased renin cause?

A

Increased blood pressure

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27
Q

Which kidney is lower?

A

Right

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28
Q

Why is the right kidney lower?

A

Because the liver occupies considerable space on the right side

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29
Q

Name the three layers of a kidney from inside out

A
  1. Renal capsule
  2. Adipose capsule
  3. Renal fascia
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30
Q

What is the function of the adipose capsule?

A

Providing protection and support

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31
Q

What maintains the kidney shape?

A

Renal capsule

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32
Q

Which anchors kidneys to surrounding structures?

A

Renal fascia

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33
Q

What is the adipose capsule made of?

A

Fatty tissue

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34
Q

What is the thin outer layer of the kidneys called?

A

Renal fascia

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35
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

The outside, light red area of the kidney

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36
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

The inner structure of kidney

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37
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

Cone shaped stricter in the renal medulla

38
Q

What is the apex of each renal pyramid called?

A

Renal papilla

39
Q

What is the functional portion of the kidney made up of?

A

The renal pyramids and the renal cortex

40
Q

How much cardiac output does the kidney receive?

A

20-25%

41
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

42
Q

What are the two parties of a nephron?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle

2. Renal tubule

43
Q

Name the two parts of the renal corpuscle

A
  1. Glomerulus

2. Bowman’s capsule

44
Q

What is the tangled capillary network in the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus

45
Q

What is the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Double walked epithelial cup surrounding the glomerulus, receiving contents of filtered blood

46
Q

How thick is the epithelium of a nephron?

A

Single layer

47
Q

Name the three sections of the renal tubule

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
48
Q

What part of a nephron is the Loop of Henle in?

A

Renal tubule

49
Q

Which hormone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb water?

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

50
Q

Which part of the nephron has an important role in reabsorption and secretion of various solutes?

A

Renal tubule

51
Q

Name two important roles of the renal tubule?

A

Reabsorption and secretion

52
Q

How many ureters do we have?

A

2

53
Q

Name the order of the four parts of the urinary system from top to bottom

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

54
Q

How is urine moved to the bladder?

A

Peristaltic contractions

55
Q

How long is each ureter?

A

25-30cm long

56
Q

What prevents the back flow of urine in the ureters?

A

A valve

57
Q

How many layers form the walk of the ureters?

A

3

58
Q

Name the three layers of the wall of the ureters

A
  1. Inner mucous membranes
  2. Muscular is
  3. Adventitia
59
Q

The inner mucous membrane of the ureter is able to stretch because of its:

A

Transitional epithelium

60
Q

What cells in the ureters protect it from urine? And how?

A

Go let cells that secrete mucous

61
Q

The muscularis of the ureters produces what to move urine?

A

Peristaltic contractions

62
Q

Which layer of the ureters wall contains blood and lymph vessels?

A

Adventitia

63
Q

What does the adventitia contain?

A

Blood and lymph vessels

Nerves

64
Q

What is the total capacity of the bladder?

A

600-700mp

65
Q

What is the triangular area on the posterior floor of the bladder called?

A

Trigone

66
Q

What borders the trigone?

A

Two ureteral openings and the urethral opening

67
Q

Muscularis in the bladder is also known as:

A

The detrusor muscle

68
Q

What is the detrusor muscle

A

The middle layer of the bladder tissue, the muscularis

69
Q

What is the tube leading from the bladder to the exterior of the body?

A

The urethra

70
Q

Why’s the difference between the internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter?

A

Internal is involuntary

External is voluntary

71
Q

How long is a female urethra?

A

4cm

72
Q

How long is a male urethra?

A

20cm

73
Q

Name the three portions of a male urethra

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy

74
Q

Which gland does the male urethra pass through?

A

Prostate

75
Q

Where does the male urethra receive semen during ejaculation?

A

Prostate

76
Q

What are the three processes in urine production?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
77
Q

Where does glomuerular filtration take place?

A

In the renal corpuscle

78
Q

What does tubular reabsorption take place?

A

Renal tubules

79
Q

Where does tubular secretion take place?

A

Renal tubules

80
Q

What passes through in glomerular filtration?

A

Water and small molecules

81
Q

What doesn’t pass through in glomerular filtration?

A

Blood cells, plasma proteins and other large molecules

82
Q

How is glomerular filtration adapted for filtration?

A

The diameter of the efferent arteriolar is less than that of the after end arteriole

Glomerular capillaries are 50x more leaky than normal capillaries

83
Q

Are glomerular capillaries more leaky than normal ones?

A

Yes, 50x more

84
Q

Name three Blood constituents that pas into glomerular filtrates other than water

A

Electrolytes
Amino acids
Hormones

85
Q

Name the blood constituents that remain in glomerular capillaries

A

Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Platelets
Plasma proteins

86
Q

How many main filtration pressures are there?

A

3

87
Q

What does blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries do?

A

Promotes filtration by forcing substances through the membrane

88
Q

What opposes filtration?

A

Blood colour osmotic pressure

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

89
Q

What is blood colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Proteins present in blood plasma within the glomerular capillaries

90
Q

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure?

A

Back pressure of the fluid that has already filtered through

Semester 2 CNM (1 decks)

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