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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

Learn about functions of the urinary system

1
Q

2 things that determine glomerular filterability:

A
  1. Molecular weight

2. Charges of the molecule

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2
Q

3 processes that form urine:

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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3
Q

Which blood vessel has the “MOST PRESSURE ON THE KIDNEY?”

A

Renal artery

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4
Q

The blood vessel BEFORE the glomerulus capillaries?

A

Afferent arteriole

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5
Q

Type of nephron we HAVE THE MOST OF?

A

Cortical nephron

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6
Q

Structure “SHARED BY SEVERAL NEPHRONS that “DRAIN AT THE TIP OF THE PYRAMID?”

A

Collecting ducts

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7
Q

What part of the nephron is “MADE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS RICH IN MITOCHONDRIA?”

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

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8
Q

4 major components of a nephron:

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Proximal Convo Tubule (PCT)
  3. Loop of nephron
  4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
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9
Q

“BIG BALL OF CAPILLARIES?”

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

The location major calyces will fuse?

A

Renal pelvis

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11
Q

The covering of the kidney that is the “FATTY MASS THAT CUSHIONS?”

A

Perirenal fat

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12
Q

The covering of the kidney that is “EXTERNAL TO THE RENAL FASCIA?”

A

Pararenal fat

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13
Q

2-3 of these per kidney?

A

Major calyx

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14
Q

The “LIGHT COLORED, GRANULAR SUPERFICIAL REGION” of the kidney?

A

Cortex

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15
Q

Approximately what level of the spine are the kidneys located?

A

T11 & T12

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16
Q

What hormone “TECHNICALLY AN ENZYME, ALLOWS THE ADRENAL GLAND TO SECRETE ALDOSTERONE” and “REGULATE SALT-WATER BALANCE?”

A

Renin

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17
Q

Kidneys are approximately 6 centimeters wide, 3 centimeters thick, and how long?

A

12 centimeters long

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18
Q

Hormone “SECRETED BY THE KIDNEYS TO STIMULATE RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION?”

A

Erythropoietin

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19
Q

When the heart releases a substance due to “BLOOD VOLUME INCREASES?”

A

Arterial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)

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20
Q

Aldosterone promotes the excretion of what?

A

Potassium (K+)

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21
Q

Production made by muscle cells from the “BREAKDOWN OF CREATINE PHOSPHATE?”

A

Creatinine

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22
Q

Process that forms urine where “SUBSTANCES MOVE FROM THE BLOOD TO THE CAPSULE?”

A

Glomerular filtration

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23
Q

Angiotensinogenase is needed to convert angiotensinogen to what?

A

Angiotensin I

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24
Q

Waste product made by the breakdown of nucleotides?

A

Uric acid

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25
Q

6 things the Proximal Convoluted Tubule reabsorbs?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Water
  3. Urea
  4. Proteins
  5. Creatine
  6. Amino
  7. Lactic
  8. Citric
  9. Uric acids
  10. Phosphate
  11. Sulfate
  12. Calcium
  13. Potassium
  14. Sodium ions
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26
Q

Process that forms urine where “SUBSTANCES MOVE FROM THE PLASMA OF THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES, INTO THE RENAL TUBULES?”

A

Tubular secretion

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27
Q

Which of the 3 processes that form urine “REQUIRES ATP?”

A

Tubular secretion

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28
Q

2 things that increases Glomerular Filtration Rate?

A
  1. Increased renal blood flow

2. Decreased plasma proteins

29
Q

Which process involving movement in the kidneys is a “COUNTER-TRANSPORT MECHANISM?”

A

Antiports

30
Q

1 moiety that “MOVES WITH SODIUM AS PART OF A SYMPORT?”

A

Glucose

31
Q

What process of the absorption in the kidney is “CELL DRINKING?”

A

Pinocytosis

32
Q

“REABSORPTION OF SODIUM IONS BY ACTIVE TRANSPORT” occurs where in the kidney?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

33
Q

What type of hormone is Aldosterone?

A

Steroid hormone

34
Q

Aldosterone causes the “REABSORPTION OF SODIUM” where?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Collecting Duct (CD)

35
Q

Where is Aldosterone synthesized?

A

Adrenal cortex

36
Q

Which hormonal mechanisms “REGULATE RENIN SECRETION?”

A

Epinephrine (Epi)

Norepinephrine (NorEpi)

Prostaglandins

37
Q

Tension of what artery influences or regulates renin secretion?

A

Afferent artery

38
Q

Clearance of a solute is also a measurement of what?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

39
Q

3 tissue types that make up the trilayered wall of the ureter?

A
  1. Transitional epithelial
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Fibrous Connective Tisssue
40
Q

The urinary bladder is connected anteriorly to the median umbilical ligament known as?

A

Urachus

41
Q

Which sphincter for the urethra are “INVOLUNTARY?”

A

Internal urethral sphincter

42
Q

Which 2 urinary sphincter are “VOLUNTARY?”

A
  1. External urethral sphincter

2. Levator ani muscle

43
Q

Blood in the urine?

A

Hematuria

44
Q

4 things that discolor the urine?

A
  1. Jaundice
  2. Drugs
  3. Food
  4. Disease
45
Q

2 causes of Oligouria?

A
  1. Hypotension

2. Hypovolemia

46
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Persistent, large increase in urine output usually associated with nocturia

47
Q

What is nocturia?

A

Nighttime urination

48
Q

Osmolality in a urinalysis is used to determine what imbalances?

A

Ionic

49
Q

Water on the kidneys?

A

Hydronephrosis

50
Q

Common cause of hydronephrosis?

A

Decrease in fat tissue surrounding the kidney

51
Q

3 things that can lead to Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?

A
  1. Bacteria growth
  2. Close proximity to the anus
  3. Shorter urethra
  4. Sex
  5. Urinary retention (holding urine too long)
52
Q

Which abnormality of the kidney is “ABNORMAL FORMATION OF THE PROXIMAL TUBULE?”

A

Tubular Dysgenesis

53
Q

Which abnormality of the kidneys is “REDUCED NUMBER OF NEPHRONS THAT ARE ABNORMALLY LARGE?”

A

Oligomeganephronia

54
Q

Bladder infection?

A

Cystitis

55
Q

The “BREAKDOWN OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE LIVER” produces which waste product?

A

Urea

56
Q

4 functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Excretion of metabolic wastes
  2. Maintenance of water-salt balance
  3. Maintenance of acid-base balance
  4. Hormone secretion: renin & erythropoietin (EPO)
  5. Reabsorb filtered nutrients and convert vitamin D
57
Q

4 effects of angiotensin II?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Increased Aldosterone secretion
  3. Increased ADH secretion
  4. Increased thirst
58
Q

Increased number of kidney infections, or injury to the kidneys from physical trauma can cause what?

A

Renal failure

59
Q

2 causes of urinary retention?

A
  1. After general anesthesia

2. Prostate problems

60
Q

Peritoneal membrane filter that “ALLOWS PEOPLE TO GO ABOUT THEIR NORMAL LIFE” even with kidney disease?

A

Continous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

61
Q

Urinary “BACKING UP FROM BLADDER TO URETER OR KIDNEY?”

A

Vesicoureteral reflux

62
Q

What are kidney stones associated with?

A
  1. Urinary Tract Infection’s (UTI’s)
  2. Enlarged prostate
  3. pH imbalances
  4. Intake of too much calcium
63
Q

4 causes of incontinence?

A
  1. Emotional stress
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Nervous system disease
  4. Stroke
  5. Laughing / coughing
64
Q

A “TRIANGULAR AREA” that is “CLINICALLY RELEVANT, OUTLINED BY THE OPENINGS OF THE URETERS AND THE URETHRA?”

A

Trigone

65
Q

“PRECIPITATED PROTEINS” or “CYLINDRICAL BODIES” in the urine are often seen normally when?

A

After exercise

66
Q

Which abnormality of the urinary system is where there is “FUSION OF THE KIDNEYS AT ONE POLE?”

A

Horseshoe kidney

67
Q

A region of the kidney that exhibits a dozen cone-shaped pyramids?

A

Renal medulla

68
Q

How many minor calyces per major calyx?

A

2-3

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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