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A&P 2 Test #4 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

4 major organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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2
Q

Where does water collect and stagnant?

A

Trigony- depression in the bladder

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3
Q

Why is it easier for females to get bladder infections?

A

shorter urethra; cystitis, UTI

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4
Q

What do kidneys do?

A
  • filter blood
  • remove toxins/wastes from blood
  • buffer system pH of kidneys; narrow range
  • regulate bv/urine
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5
Q

Renin is the regulation of?

A

Blood pressure & kidney function

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6
Q

Erythropoitin regulates what?

A

RBC production

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7
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal; superior lumbar region

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8
Q

Which kidney is lower/higher?

A

right is lower than the left

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9
Q

What structures enter/exit the hilum?

A

Blood vessels; renal vein/renal artery
Lymphatics
Nerves
Ureters

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10
Q

Superficial region with over 1 million renal corpuscles & is like a nephron

A

renal cortex

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11
Q

Triangular renal pyramids are separated by columns in this region

A

renal medulla

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12
Q

Tip of the pyramid, releases urine into minor calyx

A

papilla

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13
Q

Renal pyramids are separated by

A

renal columns

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14
Q

What moves through the columns?

A

Arteries & veins; blood

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15
Q

Where do the arteries/veins (blood) plug in to?

A

Nephrons

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16
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Blood filters

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17
Q

How many nephrons per kidney?

A

1.5 million

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18
Q

At the base of each pyramid, urine moves to the ‘cups’ called

A

minor calyx

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19
Q

What are major calyxes?

A

Branching channels of renal pelvis

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20
Q

What do major calyces do?

A

collect urine from minor calyces & empty urine into ureters

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21
Q

There a re millions of nephrons inside the

A

renal corpuscle

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22
Q

What two things make up the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus & glomerular capsule

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23
Q

What kind of arteriole plugs into the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

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24
Q

What kind of arteriole comes out of the glomerulus?

A

Efferent arteriole

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25
Q

Why is blood pressure high in the glomerulus

A

Afferent arterioles are smaller than efferent arterioles

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26
Q

The loop of henle is aka as the

A

nephron loop

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27
Q

The descending loop of henle is ____ to water

A

freely permeable

28
Q

The ascending loop of henle is ____ to water

A

impermeable

29
Q

Urine is delivered through the papillae to the

A 
minor calyx
major calyx
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
& back into the water system
30
Q

Peritubular capillaries surround PCT & DCT of which kind of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephron

31
Q

____ arteriole in a cortical nephron plus into _____ capillaries

A

efferent

peritubular

32
Q

If it is a _____ nephron, it’ll go to the vasa recta & wrap around the loop of henle

A

Juxtamedullary

33
Q

3 ways of urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular Reabsoprtion
Tubular Secretion

34
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

Take good stuff from the filtrate and put back into blood.

Leave nephron tubules and enter the blood either to peritubular capillaries or vasa recta.

35
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Put extra waste in nephron tubules to get rid of it as urine

36
Q

If you go through the cells, it’s what kind of mechanism?

A

trancellular

37
Q

If you go between the cells, it’s called what kind of mechanism?

A

paracellular

38
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Volume of filtration per minute ml/min

39
Q

What is NFP?

A

Net filtration pressure; responsible for filtration

40
Q

NFP formula

A

NFP= HPg-(OPg+HPc)
HPg- Hydrostatic glomerular pressure
OPg- Osmotic pressure
HPc- Hydrostatic capsular pressure

41
Q

HPg is

A

a pushing force and favors filtration

positive filtration factor

42
Q

OPg & HPc are

A

opposing forces, and oppose filtration

negative filtration factors

43
Q

Where does reabsorption occur the most?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

44
Q

Name some examples that get reabsorbed

A 
NaCl
electrolytes
nutrients
AAs
H20
45
Q

What targets PCT to pull Calcium into the blood?

A

PTH

46
Q

What targets PCT to pull Sodium into the blood?

A

Aldosterone

47
Q

What targets the collecting duct to pull water out & put it back into the blood

A

ADH

48
Q

Examples of secreted wastes:

A

H+, K+, creatinine, NH4

49
Q

What gives urine its smell?

A

NH4

50
Q

How do the kidneys maintain osmolality? [particle balance]

A

countercurrent mechanisms

51
Q

What is a countercurrent mechanism?

A

Fluid flows in opposite directions, particles exchanged for osmolality

52
Q

Examples of countercurrent mechanisms?

A

loop of henle & vasa recta

53
Q

Urea moves between where and why?

A

from the collecting duct to the ascending loop of henle, it is recycled to maintain system’s osmolality

54
Q

What gives urine its color?

A

urochrome

55
Q

Urine is slightly ____ when fresh

A

aromatic

56
Q

What may cloudy urine indicate?

A

UTI

57
Q

The more urochrome you have, the more ____ your urine is

A

yellow

58
Q

The range of pH of urine is

A

wide

59
Q

The specific gravity of urine is

A

1.001-1.035

60
Q

Urine is made up of mostly

A

water 60%

61
Q

Nitrogenous wastes of urine

A

urea, uric acid, creatinine

62
Q

Renal calculi are

A

kidney stones that block ureter

63
Q

Males have a _____ gland & a _____ muscle for forceful release of urine.

A

prostate

detrusor

64
Q

The male’s urethra selectively carries both

A

urine & semen

65
Q

3 parts of a male’s urethra

A

prostatic
membranous
spongy

66
Q

Micturition is

A

urination and is part voluntary/involuntary

67
Q

Micturition reflex center is where & matures at what age

A

pontine; pons

age 2-3

A&P 2 Test #4 (2 decks)

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